diff --git a/bitchat/App/PeerListModel.swift b/bitchat/App/PeerListModel.swift
index 38f20a1c..1846b487 100644
--- a/bitchat/App/PeerListModel.swift
+++ b/bitchat/App/PeerListModel.swift
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ struct MeshPeerRow: Identifiable, Equatable {
     let isMutualFavorite: Bool
     let encryptionStatus: EncryptionStatus
     let showsVerifiedBadgeWhenOffline: Bool
+    /// Vouched-for by someone I verified, without an explicit verification of
+    /// mine — rendered as the unfilled seal (verified gets the filled one).
+    let showsVouchedBadge: Bool
 
     var id: String { peerID.id }
 }
@@ -183,13 +186,12 @@ final class PeerListModel: ObservableObject {
         let myPeerID = chatViewModel.meshService.myPeerID
         let meshRows = allPeers.map { peer in
             let isMe = peer.peerID == myPeerID
-            let verifiedBadge: Bool
-            if !isMe && !peer.isConnected,
-               let fingerprint = chatViewModel.getFingerprint(for: peer.peerID) {
-                verifiedBadge = peerIdentityStore.isVerified(fingerprint)
-            } else {
-                verifiedBadge = false
-            }
+            let fingerprint = isMe ? nil : chatViewModel.getFingerprint(for: peer.peerID)
+            let isVerifiedFingerprint = fingerprint.map { peerIdentityStore.isVerified($0) } ?? false
+            let verifiedBadge = !peer.isConnected && isVerifiedFingerprint
+            // Vouched is subordinate to verified: never show both seals.
+            let vouchedBadge = !isVerifiedFingerprint
+                && (fingerprint.map { chatViewModel.isVouchedFingerprint($0) } ?? false)
 
             return MeshPeerRow(
                 peerID: peer.peerID,
@@ -202,7 +204,8 @@ final class PeerListModel: ObservableObject {
                 isReachable: peer.isReachable,
                 isMutualFavorite: peer.isMutualFavorite,
                 encryptionStatus: chatViewModel.getEncryptionStatus(for: peer.peerID),
-                showsVerifiedBadgeWhenOffline: verifiedBadge
+                showsVerifiedBadgeWhenOffline: verifiedBadge,
+                showsVouchedBadge: vouchedBadge
             )
         }
 
diff --git a/bitchat/App/VerificationModel.swift b/bitchat/App/VerificationModel.swift
index bf31f05f..5916a958 100644
--- a/bitchat/App/VerificationModel.swift
+++ b/bitchat/App/VerificationModel.swift
@@ -9,6 +9,14 @@ struct FingerprintPresentationState: Equatable {
     let theirFingerprint: String?
     let myFingerprint: String
     let isVerified: Bool
+    /// Number of currently-valid vouches from peers the user verified
+    /// (0 when the peer is explicitly verified — the stronger badge wins).
+    let voucherCount: Int
+    /// Display names of the (verified) vouchers, where known.
+    let voucherNames: [String]
+
+    /// Vouched for by ≥1 peer the user verified (and not explicitly verified).
+    var isVouched: Bool { voucherCount > 0 }
 
     var canToggleVerification: Bool {
         encryptionStatus == .noiseSecured || encryptionStatus == .noiseVerified
@@ -82,6 +90,24 @@ final class VerificationModel: ObservableObject {
         let encryptionStatus = chatViewModel.getEncryptionStatus(for: statusPeerID)
         let theirFingerprint = chatViewModel.getFingerprint(for: statusPeerID)
         let peerNickname = resolveDisplayName(for: peerID, statusPeerID: statusPeerID)
+        let isVerified = theirFingerprint.map { peerIdentityStore.isVerified($0) } ?? false
+
+        // Vouch state is recomputed on read: only vouchers still in the
+        // verified set count, so removing a verification silently retires the
+        // vouches that peer gave.
+        let vouchers: [VouchRecord]
+        if !isVerified, let theirFingerprint {
+            vouchers = chatViewModel.identityManager.validVouchers(for: theirFingerprint)
+        } else {
+            vouchers = []
+        }
+        let voucherNames = vouchers.compactMap { record -> String? in
+            guard let social = chatViewModel.identityManager.getSocialIdentity(for: record.voucherFingerprint) else {
+                return nil
+            }
+            if let petname = social.localPetname, !petname.isEmpty { return petname }
+            return social.claimedNickname.isEmpty ? nil : social.claimedNickname
+        }
 
         return FingerprintPresentationState(
             statusPeerID: statusPeerID,
@@ -89,7 +115,9 @@ final class VerificationModel: ObservableObject {
             encryptionStatus: encryptionStatus,
             theirFingerprint: theirFingerprint,
             myFingerprint: chatViewModel.getMyFingerprint(),
-            isVerified: theirFingerprint.map { peerIdentityStore.isVerified($0) } ?? false
+            isVerified: isVerified,
+            voucherCount: vouchers.count,
+            voucherNames: voucherNames
         )
     }
 
@@ -122,6 +150,17 @@ final class VerificationModel: ObservableObject {
                 self?.objectWillChange.send()
             }
             .store(in: &cancellables)
+
+        // Vouch state changes (ChatVouchCoordinator.notifyPeerTrustChanged)
+        // are signalled via this notification rather than a published
+        // property, so an open fingerprint sheet refreshes its vouched badge
+        // live when a vouch batch is accepted.
+        NotificationCenter.default.publisher(for: Notification.Name("peerStatusUpdated"))
+            .receive(on: DispatchQueue.main)
+            .sink { [weak self] _ in
+                self?.objectWillChange.send()
+            }
+            .store(in: &cancellables)
     }
 
     private func resolveDisplayName(for peerID: PeerID, statusPeerID: PeerID) -> String {
diff --git a/bitchat/Identity/IdentityModels.swift b/bitchat/Identity/IdentityModels.swift
index ad83962f..921a071a 100644
--- a/bitchat/Identity/IdentityModels.swift
+++ b/bitchat/Identity/IdentityModels.swift
@@ -126,13 +126,37 @@ struct SocialIdentity: Codable {
     var notes: String?
 }
 
+/// Trust ladder: unknown → casual → vouched → trusted → verified.
+///
+/// Persistence compatibility: `TrustLevel` is stored by its *String* raw
+/// value ("unknown", "casual", …), not by ordinal position, so inserting
+/// `vouched` mid-ladder cannot corrupt previously persisted values — every
+/// pre-existing case keeps the exact raw value it was written with. The
+/// `vouched` tier is additionally never persisted into `SocialIdentity`
+/// (it's recomputed on read from stored vouches), so downgraded builds never
+/// encounter the unfamiliar raw value.
 enum TrustLevel: String, Codable {
     case unknown
     case casual
+    /// Transitively trusted: vouched for by at least one peer *I* verified.
+    /// Derived at read time — never written to persistent storage.
+    case vouched
     case trusted
     case verified
 }
 
+// MARK: - Vouching (transitive verification)
+
+/// One accepted vouch: a peer I verified (the voucher) attested that they
+/// verified the vouchee. Validity is recomputed on read — a record only
+/// counts while its voucher remains in `verifiedFingerprints` and its
+/// timestamp is within `VouchAttestation.maxAge` — so unverifying a voucher
+/// silently invalidates the vouches they gave without a cascade delete.
+struct VouchRecord: Codable, Equatable {
+    let voucherFingerprint: String
+    let timestamp: Date
+}
+
 // MARK: - Identity Cache
 
 /// Persistent storage for identity mappings and relationships.
@@ -154,7 +178,22 @@ struct IdentityCache: Codable {
     
     // Blocked Nostr pubkeys (lowercased hex) for geohash chats
     var blockedNostrPubkeys: Set<String> = []
-    
+
+    // Vouching (transitive verification). All three fields are Optional so
+    // caches persisted before this feature decode cleanly — the synthesized
+    // decoder uses decodeIfPresent for optionals, and a missing key must not
+    // trip the "unreadable cache" recovery path that discards everything.
+
+    // Vouchee fingerprint -> accepted vouches (capped per vouchee)
+    var vouchesByVouchee: [String: [VouchRecord]]? = nil
+
+    // Peer fingerprint -> when we last sent them a vouch batch (rate limit)
+    var vouchBatchSentAt: [String: Date]? = nil
+
+    // Fingerprint -> when we verified it (orders outgoing vouch batches;
+    // entries verified before this field exists sort as oldest)
+    var verifiedAt: [String: Date]? = nil
+
     // Schema version for future migrations
     var version: Int = 1
 }
diff --git a/bitchat/Identity/SecureIdentityStateManager.swift b/bitchat/Identity/SecureIdentityStateManager.swift
index fe63f871..021ea776 100644
--- a/bitchat/Identity/SecureIdentityStateManager.swift
+++ b/bitchat/Identity/SecureIdentityStateManager.swift
@@ -133,6 +133,17 @@ protocol SecureIdentityStateManagerProtocol {
     func setVerified(fingerprint: String, verified: Bool)
     func isVerified(fingerprint: String) -> Bool
     func getVerifiedFingerprints() -> Set<String>
+
+    // MARK: Vouching (transitive verification)
+    @discardableResult
+    func recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: String, voucherFingerprint: String, timestamp: Date) -> Bool
+    func validVouchers(for fingerprint: String) -> [VouchRecord]
+    func isVouched(fingerprint: String) -> Bool
+    func effectiveTrustLevel(for fingerprint: String) -> TrustLevel
+    func lastVouchBatchSent(to fingerprint: String) -> Date?
+    func markVouchBatchSent(to fingerprint: String, at date: Date)
+    func signingPublicKey(forFingerprint fingerprint: String) -> Data?
+    func mostRecentlyVerifiedFingerprints(limit: Int, excluding fingerprint: String) -> [String]
 }
 
 /// Singleton manager for secure identity state persistence and retrieval.
@@ -550,16 +561,20 @@ final class SecureIdentityStateManager: SecureIdentityStateManagerProtocol {
         queue.async(flags: .barrier) {
             if verified {
                 self.cache.verifiedFingerprints.insert(fingerprint)
+                var verifiedAt = self.cache.verifiedAt ?? [:]
+                verifiedAt[fingerprint] = Date()
+                self.cache.verifiedAt = verifiedAt
             } else {
                 self.cache.verifiedFingerprints.remove(fingerprint)
+                self.cache.verifiedAt?.removeValue(forKey: fingerprint)
             }
-            
+
             // Update trust level if social identity exists
             if var identity = self.cache.socialIdentities[fingerprint] {
                 identity.trustLevel = verified ? .verified : .casual
                 self.cache.socialIdentities[fingerprint] = identity
             }
-            
+
             self.saveIdentityCache()
         }
     }
@@ -576,6 +591,159 @@ final class SecureIdentityStateManager: SecureIdentityStateManagerProtocol {
         }
     }
 
+    // MARK: - Vouching (transitive verification)
+
+    /// Maximum vouchers retained per vouchee (most recent kept).
+    static let maxVouchersPerVouchee = 8
+
+    /// Records an accepted vouch, enforcing every accept-policy gate that can
+    /// be evaluated against stored state (signature verification is the
+    /// caller's job — it needs the sender's announce-bound signing key):
+    /// - the voucher must be a fingerprint *I* verified
+    /// - self-vouches are ignored
+    /// - vouches for peers I already verified are ignored (nothing to add)
+    /// - attestations outside the validity window are ignored
+    /// - at most `maxVouchersPerVouchee` vouchers are kept per vouchee
+    ///
+    /// Returns true when the vouch was stored (or refreshed).
+    @discardableResult
+    func recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: String, voucherFingerprint: String, timestamp: Date) -> Bool {
+        recordVouch(
+            voucheeFingerprint: voucheeFingerprint,
+            voucherFingerprint: voucherFingerprint,
+            timestamp: timestamp,
+            now: Date()
+        )
+    }
+
+    @discardableResult
+    func recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: String, voucherFingerprint: String, timestamp: Date, now: Date) -> Bool {
+        queue.sync(flags: .barrier) {
+            guard voucheeFingerprint != voucherFingerprint,
+                  self.cache.verifiedFingerprints.contains(voucherFingerprint),
+                  !self.cache.verifiedFingerprints.contains(voucheeFingerprint) else {
+                return false
+            }
+            let age = now.timeIntervalSince(timestamp)
+            guard age <= VouchAttestation.maxAge, age >= -VouchAttestation.maxClockSkew else {
+                return false
+            }
+
+            var records = self.cache.vouchesByVouchee?[voucheeFingerprint] ?? []
+            if let index = records.firstIndex(where: { $0.voucherFingerprint == voucherFingerprint }) {
+                let newest = max(records[index].timestamp, timestamp)
+                records[index] = VouchRecord(voucherFingerprint: voucherFingerprint, timestamp: newest)
+            } else {
+                records.append(VouchRecord(voucherFingerprint: voucherFingerprint, timestamp: timestamp))
+            }
+            // Keep the most recent vouchers up to the cap.
+            records.sort { $0.timestamp > $1.timestamp }
+            let capped = Array(records.prefix(Self.maxVouchersPerVouchee))
+            guard capped.contains(where: { $0.voucherFingerprint == voucherFingerprint }) else {
+                return false // Full of fresher vouches; nothing changed.
+            }
+
+            var vouches = self.cache.vouchesByVouchee ?? [:]
+            vouches[voucheeFingerprint] = capped
+            self.cache.vouchesByVouchee = vouches
+            self.saveIdentityCache()
+            return true
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The vouches that currently count for `fingerprint`. Validity is
+    /// recomputed here rather than maintained by cascade deletes: a record
+    /// only counts while its voucher is still verified-by-me and its
+    /// timestamp is within the expiry window.
+    func validVouchers(for fingerprint: String) -> [VouchRecord] {
+        validVouchers(for: fingerprint, now: Date())
+    }
+
+    func validVouchers(for fingerprint: String, now: Date) -> [VouchRecord] {
+        queue.sync {
+            self.validVouchersLocked(for: fingerprint, now: now)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Requires `queue`.
+    private func validVouchersLocked(for fingerprint: String, now: Date) -> [VouchRecord] {
+        guard let records = cache.vouchesByVouchee?[fingerprint] else { return [] }
+        return records.filter { record in
+            record.voucherFingerprint != fingerprint
+                && cache.verifiedFingerprints.contains(record.voucherFingerprint)
+                && now.timeIntervalSince(record.timestamp) <= VouchAttestation.maxAge
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// True when the peer has at least one valid vouch and no explicit
+    /// verification of ours.
+    func isVouched(fingerprint: String) -> Bool {
+        isVouched(fingerprint: fingerprint, now: Date())
+    }
+
+    func isVouched(fingerprint: String, now: Date) -> Bool {
+        queue.sync {
+            guard !self.cache.verifiedFingerprints.contains(fingerprint) else { return false }
+            return !self.validVouchersLocked(for: fingerprint, now: now).isEmpty
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The trust level to display: explicit verification wins, then the
+    /// persisted level, with `vouched` layered in (derived, never persisted)
+    /// between `casual` and `trusted`.
+    func effectiveTrustLevel(for fingerprint: String) -> TrustLevel {
+        effectiveTrustLevel(for: fingerprint, now: Date())
+    }
+
+    func effectiveTrustLevel(for fingerprint: String, now: Date) -> TrustLevel {
+        queue.sync {
+            if self.cache.verifiedFingerprints.contains(fingerprint) { return .verified }
+            let stored = self.cache.socialIdentities[fingerprint]?.trustLevel ?? .unknown
+            let vouched = !self.validVouchersLocked(for: fingerprint, now: now).isEmpty
+            switch stored {
+            case .verified, .trusted:
+                return stored
+            case .vouched, .casual, .unknown:
+                if vouched { return .vouched }
+                // `.vouched` should never be persisted; degrade defensively.
+                return stored == .vouched ? .casual : stored
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    func lastVouchBatchSent(to fingerprint: String) -> Date? {
+        queue.sync { cache.vouchBatchSentAt?[fingerprint] }
+    }
+
+    func markVouchBatchSent(to fingerprint: String, at date: Date) {
+        queue.async(flags: .barrier) {
+            var sentAt = self.cache.vouchBatchSentAt ?? [:]
+            sentAt[fingerprint] = date
+            self.cache.vouchBatchSentAt = sentAt
+            self.saveIdentityCache()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The peer's announce-bound Ed25519 signing key, if seen this session.
+    func signingPublicKey(forFingerprint fingerprint: String) -> Data? {
+        queue.sync { cryptographicIdentities[fingerprint]?.signingPublicKey }
+    }
+
+    /// Verified fingerprints ordered most recently verified first (entries
+    /// without a recorded verification time sort last), excluding the given
+    /// fingerprint. Feeds the outgoing vouch batch.
+    func mostRecentlyVerifiedFingerprints(limit: Int, excluding fingerprint: String) -> [String] {
+        queue.sync {
+            let verifiedAt = cache.verifiedAt ?? [:]
+            let ordered = cache.verifiedFingerprints
+                .filter { $0 != fingerprint }
+                .sorted {
+                    (verifiedAt[$0] ?? .distantPast, $0) > (verifiedAt[$1] ?? .distantPast, $1)
+                }
+            return Array(ordered.prefix(limit))
+        }
+    }
+
     var debugNicknameIndex: [String: Set<String>] {
         queue.sync { cache.nicknameIndex }
     }
diff --git a/bitchat/Localizable.xcstrings b/bitchat/Localizable.xcstrings
index 7301e613..2198615b 100644
--- a/bitchat/Localizable.xcstrings
+++ b/bitchat/Localizable.xcstrings
@@ -22419,6 +22419,18 @@
         }
       }
     },
+    "fingerprint.badge.vouched" : {
+      "comment" : "Badge shown when a peer is vouched for by people the user verified but not directly verified",
+      "extractionState" : "manual",
+      "localizations" : {
+        "en" : {
+          "stringUnit" : {
+            "state" : "translated",
+            "value" : "✓ VOUCHED"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
     "fingerprint.handshake_pending" : {
       "extractionState" : "manual",
       "localizations" : {
@@ -22956,6 +22968,40 @@
         }
       }
     },
+    "fingerprint.message.vouched_by" : {
+      "comment" : "How many people the user verified have vouched for this peer",
+      "extractionState" : "manual",
+      "localizations" : {
+        "en" : {
+          "stringUnit" : {
+            "state" : "translated",
+            "value" : "vouched for by %#@people@ you verified"
+          },
+          "substitutions" : {
+            "people" : {
+              "argNum" : 1,
+              "formatSpecifier" : "lld",
+              "variations" : {
+                "plural" : {
+                  "one" : {
+                    "stringUnit" : {
+                      "state" : "translated",
+                      "value" : "%d person"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "other" : {
+                    "stringUnit" : {
+                      "state" : "translated",
+                      "value" : "%d people"
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
     "fingerprint.their_label" : {
       "extractionState" : "manual",
       "localizations" : {
@@ -31924,6 +31970,18 @@
         }
       }
     },
+    "mesh_peers.state.vouched" : {
+      "comment" : "State label for a peer vouched for by someone the user verified",
+      "extractionState" : "manual",
+      "localizations" : {
+        "en" : {
+          "stringUnit" : {
+            "state" : "translated",
+            "value" : "vouched"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
     "mesh_peers.tooltip.new_messages" : {
       "extractionState" : "manual",
       "localizations" : {
@@ -32103,6 +32161,18 @@
         }
       }
     },
+    "mesh_peers.tooltip.vouched" : {
+      "comment" : "Tooltip for the vouched (unfilled seal) badge next to a peer",
+      "extractionState" : "manual",
+      "localizations" : {
+        "en" : {
+          "stringUnit" : {
+            "state" : "translated",
+            "value" : "vouched for by someone you verified"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
     "recording %@" : {
       "comment" : "Voice note recording duration indicator",
       "localizations" : {
diff --git a/bitchat/Protocols/BitchatProtocol.swift b/bitchat/Protocols/BitchatProtocol.swift
index 4ebe6509..ec2ced61 100644
--- a/bitchat/Protocols/BitchatProtocol.swift
+++ b/bitchat/Protocols/BitchatProtocol.swift
@@ -75,7 +75,9 @@ enum NoisePayloadType: UInt8 {
     // Verification (QR-based OOB binding)
     case verifyChallenge = 0x10     // Verification challenge
     case verifyResponse  = 0x11     // Verification response
-    
+    // Transitive verification (web of trust)
+    case vouch = 0x12               // Batch of vouch attestations
+
     var description: String {
         switch self {
         case .privateMessage: return "privateMessage"
@@ -83,6 +85,7 @@ enum NoisePayloadType: UInt8 {
         case .delivered: return "delivered"
         case .verifyChallenge: return "verifyChallenge"
         case .verifyResponse: return "verifyResponse"
+        case .vouch: return "vouch"
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/bitchat/Protocols/PeerCapabilities+Local.swift b/bitchat/Protocols/PeerCapabilities+Local.swift
index 06973dde..cc5f295c 100644
--- a/bitchat/Protocols/PeerCapabilities+Local.swift
+++ b/bitchat/Protocols/PeerCapabilities+Local.swift
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ import BitFoundation
 extension PeerCapabilities {
     /// Capabilities this build advertises in its announce packets.
     /// Each feature adds its bit here when it ships.
-    static let localSupported: PeerCapabilities = [.prekeys]
+    static let localSupported: PeerCapabilities = [.prekeys, .vouch]
 }
diff --git a/bitchat/Protocols/VouchAttestation.swift b/bitchat/Protocols/VouchAttestation.swift
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a765a11b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bitchat/Protocols/VouchAttestation.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+//
+// VouchAttestation.swift
+// bitchat
+//
+// This is free and unencumbered software released into the public domain.
+// For more information, see <https://unlicense.org>
+//
+
+import CryptoKit
+import Foundation
+
+/// A signed statement that the *sender of the enclosing Noise payload* has
+/// verified the identity described here ("transitive verification").
+///
+/// The voucher's identity is deliberately implicit: attestations only travel
+/// inside an authenticated Noise session (`NoisePayloadType.vouch`), so the
+/// receiver verifies the Ed25519 signature against the session peer's
+/// announce-bound signing key and stores the vouch keyed by that peer's
+/// fingerprint. Nothing in the attestation names the voucher, so a captured
+/// attestation cannot be replayed by a third party whose signing key doesn't
+/// match.
+///
+/// Wire format — single attestation (TLV, 1-byte type + 1-byte length):
+/// - `0x01` voucheeFingerprint: 32 bytes, SHA-256 of the vouchee's Noise static key
+/// - `0x02` voucheeSigningKey: 32 bytes, Ed25519; anchors the vouch to a concrete identity
+/// - `0x03` timestamp: 8 bytes big-endian, milliseconds since 1970
+/// - `0x04` signature: 64 bytes, Ed25519 by the VOUCHER's signing key over
+///   `"bitchat-vouch-v1" | voucheeFingerprint | voucheeSigningKey | timestamp`
+///
+/// Unknown TLV types are skipped for forward compatibility.
+///
+/// Batch format (the `vouch` Noise payload body):
+/// `[count: UInt8]` then per attestation `[length: UInt16 BE][attestation TLV]`.
+struct VouchAttestation: Equatable {
+    static let signingContext = "bitchat-vouch-v1"
+    /// Receiver-side expiry for attestations.
+    static let maxAge: TimeInterval = 30 * 24 * 60 * 60
+    /// Tolerated clock skew for attestations timestamped in the future.
+    static let maxClockSkew: TimeInterval = 60 * 60
+    /// Upper bound of attestations carried/accepted in one batch payload.
+    static let maxBatchCount = 16
+
+    static let fingerprintSize = 32
+    static let signingKeySize = 32
+    static let signatureSize = 64
+
+    let voucheeFingerprint: Data  // 32 bytes
+    let voucheeSigningKey: Data   // 32 bytes
+    let timestampMs: UInt64
+    let signature: Data           // 64 bytes
+
+    private enum TLVType: UInt8 {
+        case voucheeFingerprint = 0x01
+        case voucheeSigningKey = 0x02
+        case timestamp = 0x03
+        case signature = 0x04
+    }
+
+    var voucheeFingerprintHex: String { voucheeFingerprint.hexEncodedString() }
+
+    var timestamp: Date { Date(timeIntervalSince1970: TimeInterval(timestampMs) / 1000) }
+
+    /// The exact bytes the voucher signs.
+    static func signableBytes(
+        voucheeFingerprint: Data,
+        voucheeSigningKey: Data,
+        timestampMs: UInt64
+    ) -> Data {
+        var message = Data(signingContext.utf8)
+        message.append(voucheeFingerprint)
+        message.append(voucheeSigningKey)
+        var timestampBE = timestampMs.bigEndian
+        withUnsafeBytes(of: &timestampBE) { message.append(contentsOf: $0) }
+        return message
+    }
+
+    var signableBytes: Data {
+        Self.signableBytes(
+            voucheeFingerprint: voucheeFingerprint,
+            voucheeSigningKey: voucheeSigningKey,
+            timestampMs: timestampMs
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Builds and signs an attestation. `sign` is the voucher's Ed25519
+    /// signing primitive (e.g. `Transport.noiseSignData`).
+    static func build(
+        voucheeFingerprint: Data,
+        voucheeSigningKey: Data,
+        timestampMs: UInt64 = UInt64(Date().timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000),
+        sign: (Data) -> Data?
+    ) -> VouchAttestation? {
+        guard voucheeFingerprint.count == fingerprintSize,
+              voucheeSigningKey.count == signingKeySize else { return nil }
+        let message = signableBytes(
+            voucheeFingerprint: voucheeFingerprint,
+            voucheeSigningKey: voucheeSigningKey,
+            timestampMs: timestampMs
+        )
+        guard let signature = sign(message), signature.count == signatureSize else { return nil }
+        return VouchAttestation(
+            voucheeFingerprint: voucheeFingerprint,
+            voucheeSigningKey: voucheeSigningKey,
+            timestampMs: timestampMs,
+            signature: signature
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Verifies the Ed25519 signature against the voucher's announce-bound
+    /// signing key.
+    func verifySignature(voucherSigningKey: Data) -> Bool {
+        guard let publicKey = try? Curve25519.Signing.PublicKey(rawRepresentation: voucherSigningKey) else {
+            return false
+        }
+        return publicKey.isValidSignature(signature, for: signableBytes)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the attestation is outside its validity window (older than
+    /// `maxAge`, or timestamped implausibly far in the future).
+    func isExpired(now: Date = Date()) -> Bool {
+        let age = now.timeIntervalSince(timestamp)
+        return age > Self.maxAge || age < -Self.maxClockSkew
+    }
+
+    // MARK: - Encoding
+
+    func encode() -> Data? {
+        guard voucheeFingerprint.count == Self.fingerprintSize,
+              voucheeSigningKey.count == Self.signingKeySize,
+              signature.count == Self.signatureSize else { return nil }
+        var data = Data()
+        func appendTLV(_ type: TLVType, _ value: Data) {
+            data.append(type.rawValue)
+            data.append(UInt8(value.count))
+            data.append(value)
+        }
+        appendTLV(.voucheeFingerprint, voucheeFingerprint)
+        appendTLV(.voucheeSigningKey, voucheeSigningKey)
+        var timestampBE = timestampMs.bigEndian
+        appendTLV(.timestamp, withUnsafeBytes(of: &timestampBE) { Data($0) })
+        appendTLV(.signature, signature)
+        return data
+    }
+
+    static func decode(from data: Data) -> VouchAttestation? {
+        var fingerprint: Data?
+        var signingKey: Data?
+        var timestampMs: UInt64?
+        var signature: Data?
+
+        var offset = data.startIndex
+        while offset < data.endIndex {
+            guard data.index(offset, offsetBy: 2, limitedBy: data.endIndex) != nil,
+                  offset + 1 < data.endIndex else { return nil }
+            let type = data[offset]
+            let length = Int(data[offset + 1])
+            let valueStart = offset + 2
+            guard let valueEnd = data.index(valueStart, offsetBy: length, limitedBy: data.endIndex) else {
+                return nil
+            }
+            let value = Data(data[valueStart..<valueEnd])
+            switch TLVType(rawValue: type) {
+            case .voucheeFingerprint:
+                guard value.count == fingerprintSize else { return nil }
+                fingerprint = value
+            case .voucheeSigningKey:
+                guard value.count == signingKeySize else { return nil }
+                signingKey = value
+            case .timestamp:
+                guard value.count == 8 else { return nil }
+                timestampMs = value.reduce(UInt64(0)) { ($0 << 8) | UInt64($1) }
+            case .signature:
+                guard value.count == signatureSize else { return nil }
+                signature = value
+            case nil:
+                break // Unknown TLV: skip for forward compatibility.
+            }
+            offset = valueEnd
+        }
+
+        guard let fingerprint, let signingKey, let timestampMs, let signature else { return nil }
+        return VouchAttestation(
+            voucheeFingerprint: fingerprint,
+            voucheeSigningKey: signingKey,
+            timestampMs: timestampMs,
+            signature: signature
+        )
+    }
+
+    // MARK: - Batch encoding
+
+    /// Encodes up to `maxBatchCount` attestations into one payload body.
+    static func encodeList(_ attestations: [VouchAttestation]) -> Data? {
+        guard !attestations.isEmpty, attestations.count <= maxBatchCount else { return nil }
+        var data = Data()
+        data.append(UInt8(attestations.count))
+        for attestation in attestations {
+            guard let encoded = attestation.encode(), encoded.count <= Int(UInt16.max) else { return nil }
+            var lengthBE = UInt16(encoded.count).bigEndian
+            withUnsafeBytes(of: &lengthBE) { data.append(contentsOf: $0) }
+            data.append(encoded)
+        }
+        return data
+    }
+
+    /// Decodes a batch payload, dropping malformed entries and ignoring
+    /// anything beyond `maxBatchCount` (sender-declared count is not trusted).
+    static func decodeList(from data: Data) -> [VouchAttestation] {
+        guard data.count > 1 else { return [] }
+        let declaredCount = Int(data[data.startIndex])
+        let limit = min(declaredCount, maxBatchCount)
+        var attestations: [VouchAttestation] = []
+        var offset = data.startIndex + 1
+        while attestations.count < limit, offset < data.endIndex {
+            guard let lengthEnd = data.index(offset, offsetBy: 2, limitedBy: data.endIndex) else { break }
+            let length = Int(data[offset]) << 8 | Int(data[offset + 1])
+            guard let entryEnd = data.index(lengthEnd, offsetBy: length, limitedBy: data.endIndex) else { break }
+            if let attestation = decode(from: Data(data[lengthEnd..<entryEnd])) {
+                attestations.append(attestation)
+            }
+            offset = entryEnd
+        }
+        return attestations
+    }
+}
diff --git a/bitchat/Services/BLE/BLEService.swift b/bitchat/Services/BLE/BLEService.swift
index d4bb2693..e853e67b 100644
--- a/bitchat/Services/BLE/BLEService.swift
+++ b/bitchat/Services/BLE/BLEService.swift
@@ -1339,6 +1339,18 @@ final class BLEService: NSObject {
         guard let payload = VerificationService.shared.buildVerifyResponse(noiseKeyHex: noiseKeyHex, nonceA: nonceA) else { return }
         sendNoisePayload(payload, to: peerID)
     }
+
+    // MARK: Vouching over Noise
+
+    func sendVouchAttestations(_ payload: Data, to peerID: PeerID) {
+        sendNoisePayload(NoisePayload(type: .vouch, data: payload).encode(), to: peerID)
+    }
+
+    func addPeerAuthenticatedObserver(_ handler: @escaping (PeerID, String) -> Void) {
+        // Appends to the encryption service's handler array, so this never
+        // displaces the callbacks installed by installNoiseSessionCallbacks.
+        noiseService.addOnPeerAuthenticatedHandler(handler)
+    }
 }
 
 // MARK: - GossipSyncManager Delegate
diff --git a/bitchat/Services/Transport.swift b/bitchat/Services/Transport.swift
index 27c38700..04dfe90d 100644
--- a/bitchat/Services/Transport.swift
+++ b/bitchat/Services/Transport.swift
@@ -128,6 +128,18 @@ protocol Transport: AnyObject {
     func sendVerifyChallenge(to peerID: PeerID, noiseKeyHex: String, nonceA: Data)
     func sendVerifyResponse(to peerID: PeerID, noiseKeyHex: String, nonceA: Data)
 
+    // Vouching / transitive verification (optional for transports)
+    /// Capabilities the peer advertised in its last verified announce;
+    /// empty for peers that predate the capabilities TLV.
+    func peerCapabilities(_ peerID: PeerID) -> PeerCapabilities
+    /// Sends an encoded vouch-attestation batch inside the Noise session.
+    func sendVouchAttestations(_ payload: Data, to peerID: PeerID)
+    /// Appends a peer-authenticated observer. Unlike
+    /// `installNoiseSessionCallbacks` this never touches the (single-slot)
+    /// handshake-required callback, so secondary features can observe
+    /// session establishment without disturbing the primary registration.
+    func addPeerAuthenticatedObserver(_ handler: @escaping (PeerID, String) -> Void)
+
     // Pending file management (BCH-01-002: files held in memory until user accepts)
     func acceptPendingFile(id: String) -> URL?
     func declinePendingFile(id: String)
@@ -153,6 +165,9 @@ extension Transport {
 
     func sendVerifyChallenge(to peerID: PeerID, noiseKeyHex: String, nonceA: Data) {}
     func sendVerifyResponse(to peerID: PeerID, noiseKeyHex: String, nonceA: Data) {}
+    func peerCapabilities(_ peerID: PeerID) -> PeerCapabilities { [] }
+    func sendVouchAttestations(_ payload: Data, to peerID: PeerID) {}
+    func addPeerAuthenticatedObserver(_ handler: @escaping (PeerID, String) -> Void) {}
     func sendCourierMessage(_ content: String, messageID: String, recipientNoiseKey: Data, via couriers: [PeerID]) -> Bool { false }
     func sendFileBroadcast(_ packet: BitchatFilePacket, transferId: String) {}
     func sendFilePrivate(_ packet: BitchatFilePacket, to peerID: PeerID, transferId: String) {}
diff --git a/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatPublicConversationCoordinator.swift b/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatPublicConversationCoordinator.swift
index 39c8aaae..6562dca2 100644
--- a/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatPublicConversationCoordinator.swift
+++ b/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatPublicConversationCoordinator.swift
@@ -296,6 +296,11 @@ final class ChatPublicConversationCoordinator: PublicMessagePipelineDelegate {
         guard !TestEnvironment.isRunningTests else { return }
 
         Task.detached(priority: .utility) {
+            // Skipped under tests: the test process shares the user's real
+            // ~/Library/Application Support/files tree, and this detached
+            // wipe fires at a nondeterministic time — racing tests that
+            // write media there (see the same guard in panicClearAllData).
+            guard !TestEnvironment.isRunningTests else { return }
             do {
                 let base = try FileManager.default.url(
                     for: .applicationSupportDirectory,
diff --git a/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatTransportEventCoordinator.swift b/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatTransportEventCoordinator.swift
index 75571b2e..a24273d7 100644
--- a/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatTransportEventCoordinator.swift
+++ b/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatTransportEventCoordinator.swift
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ protocol ChatTransportEventContext: AnyObject {
     // MARK: Verification payloads
     func handleVerifyChallengePayload(from peerID: PeerID, payload: Data)
     func handleVerifyResponsePayload(from peerID: PeerID, payload: Data)
+    func handleVouchPayload(from peerID: PeerID, payload: Data)
 }
 
 extension ChatViewModel: ChatTransportEventContext {
@@ -129,6 +130,10 @@ extension ChatViewModel: ChatTransportEventContext {
     func handleVerifyResponsePayload(from peerID: PeerID, payload: Data) {
         verificationCoordinator.handleVerifyResponsePayload(from: peerID, payload: payload)
     }
+
+    func handleVouchPayload(from peerID: PeerID, payload: Data) {
+        vouchCoordinator.handleVouchPayload(from: peerID, payload: payload)
+    }
 }
 
 final class ChatTransportEventCoordinator {
@@ -371,6 +376,9 @@ private extension ChatTransportEventCoordinator {
 
         case .verifyResponse:
             context.handleVerifyResponsePayload(from: peerID, payload: payload)
+
+        case .vouch:
+            context.handleVouchPayload(from: peerID, payload: payload)
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatViewModel.swift b/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatViewModel.swift
index be78e5a3..b62dedf0 100644
--- a/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatViewModel.swift
+++ b/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatViewModel.swift
@@ -177,6 +177,7 @@ final class ChatViewModel: ObservableObject, BitchatDelegate, TransportEventDele
     lazy var nostrCoordinator = ChatNostrCoordinator(context: self)
     lazy var mediaTransferCoordinator = ChatMediaTransferCoordinator(context: self)
     lazy var verificationCoordinator = ChatVerificationCoordinator(context: self)
+    lazy var vouchCoordinator = ChatVouchCoordinator(context: self)
 
     // Computed properties for compatibility
     @MainActor
@@ -1495,6 +1496,14 @@ final class ChatViewModel: ObservableObject, BitchatDelegate, TransportEventDele
 
     func setupNoiseCallbacks() {
         verificationCoordinator.setupNoiseCallbacks()
+        vouchCoordinator.setupNoiseCallbacks()
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the fingerprint currently counts as vouched (≥1 valid vouch
+    /// from a voucher I verified, and no explicit verification of mine).
+    @MainActor
+    func isVouchedFingerprint(_ fingerprint: String) -> Bool {
+        identityManager.isVouched(fingerprint: fingerprint)
     }
 
     // MARK: - BitchatDelegate Methods
diff --git a/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatVouchCoordinator.swift b/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatVouchCoordinator.swift
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc13e07f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatVouchCoordinator.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+import BitFoundation
+import BitLogger
+import Foundation
+
+/// The narrow surface `ChatVouchCoordinator` needs from its owner.
+///
+/// Follows the `ChatDeliveryContext` exemplar: the coordinator depends on the
+/// minimal context it actually uses instead of holding an `unowned` back-ref
+/// to the whole `ChatViewModel`. This keeps the coordinator independently
+/// testable (see `ChatVouchCoordinatorContextTests`) and makes its true
+/// dependencies explicit.
+@MainActor
+protocol ChatVouchContext: AnyObject {
+    // MARK: Identity & trust state
+    func getFingerprint(for peerID: PeerID) -> String?
+    func isVerifiedFingerprint(_ fingerprint: String) -> Bool
+    /// The peer's announce-bound Ed25519 signing key, if known this session.
+    func signingKey(forFingerprint fingerprint: String) -> Data?
+    /// Verified fingerprints ordered most recently verified first.
+    func recentlyVerifiedFingerprints(limit: Int, excluding fingerprint: String) -> [String]
+    /// Stores an accepted vouch (identity manager enforces the storage gates).
+    @discardableResult
+    func recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: String, voucherFingerprint: String, timestamp: Date) -> Bool
+    func lastVouchBatchSent(to fingerprint: String) -> Date?
+    func markVouchBatchSent(to fingerprint: String, at date: Date)
+
+    // MARK: Transport
+    func peerCapabilities(for peerID: PeerID) -> PeerCapabilities
+    /// Appends a session-established observer (additive; never displaces the
+    /// verification coordinator's callbacks).
+    func addPeerAuthenticatedObserver(_ handler: @escaping (PeerID, String) -> Void)
+    /// Signs `data` with our Noise (Ed25519) signing key.
+    func noiseSignData(_ data: Data) -> Data?
+    func sendVouchAttestations(_ payload: Data, to peerID: PeerID)
+
+    // MARK: UI refresh
+    /// Signals that derived trust state changed so peer list / fingerprint
+    /// views recompute badges.
+    func notifyPeerTrustChanged()
+}
+
+extension ChatViewModel: ChatVouchContext {
+    // `getFingerprint(for:)` and `isVerifiedFingerprint(_:)` are shared
+    // requirements with the verification context and satisfied by existing
+    // `ChatViewModel` members. The members below flatten nested service
+    // accesses into intent-named calls.
+
+    func signingKey(forFingerprint fingerprint: String) -> Data? {
+        identityManager.signingPublicKey(forFingerprint: fingerprint)
+    }
+
+    func recentlyVerifiedFingerprints(limit: Int, excluding fingerprint: String) -> [String] {
+        identityManager.mostRecentlyVerifiedFingerprints(limit: limit, excluding: fingerprint)
+    }
+
+    @discardableResult
+    func recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: String, voucherFingerprint: String, timestamp: Date) -> Bool {
+        identityManager.recordVouch(
+            voucheeFingerprint: voucheeFingerprint,
+            voucherFingerprint: voucherFingerprint,
+            timestamp: timestamp
+        )
+    }
+
+    func lastVouchBatchSent(to fingerprint: String) -> Date? {
+        identityManager.lastVouchBatchSent(to: fingerprint)
+    }
+
+    func markVouchBatchSent(to fingerprint: String, at date: Date) {
+        identityManager.markVouchBatchSent(to: fingerprint, at: date)
+    }
+
+    func peerCapabilities(for peerID: PeerID) -> PeerCapabilities {
+        meshService.peerCapabilities(peerID)
+    }
+
+    func addPeerAuthenticatedObserver(_ handler: @escaping (PeerID, String) -> Void) {
+        meshService.addPeerAuthenticatedObserver(handler)
+    }
+
+    func noiseSignData(_ data: Data) -> Data? {
+        meshService.noiseSignData(data)
+    }
+
+    func sendVouchAttestations(_ payload: Data, to peerID: PeerID) {
+        meshService.sendVouchAttestations(payload, to: peerID)
+    }
+
+    func notifyPeerTrustChanged() {
+        // PeerListModel refreshes on this notification; the view-model change
+        // covers FingerprintView / VerificationModel consumers.
+        NotificationCenter.default.post(name: Notification.Name("peerStatusUpdated"), object: nil)
+        notifyUIChanged()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Transitive verification ("vouching"): when a Noise session comes up with a
+/// peer I verified, I attest — over that authenticated, encrypted session —
+/// to the other identities I have verified. Receivers accept such vouches
+/// only from peers *they* verified, giving a serverless
+/// verified-by-people-you-verified tier (`TrustLevel.vouched`).
+@MainActor
+final class ChatVouchCoordinator {
+    /// Minimum spacing between vouch batches to the same peer (persisted).
+    static let batchInterval: TimeInterval = 24 * 60 * 60
+
+    private unowned let context: any ChatVouchContext
+
+    init(context: any ChatVouchContext) {
+        self.context = context
+    }
+
+    /// Registers the session-established hook. Additive alongside the
+    /// verification coordinator's callbacks; call once at bootstrap.
+    func setupNoiseCallbacks() {
+        context.addPeerAuthenticatedObserver { [weak self] peerID, fingerprint in
+            DispatchQueue.main.async { [weak self] in
+                self?.peerAuthenticated(peerID, fingerprint: fingerprint)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Exchange policy: on session establishment with a peer I verified that
+    /// advertises the `.vouch` capability, send attestations for up to
+    /// `VouchAttestation.maxBatchCount` *other* verified fingerprints (most
+    /// recently verified first), at most once per peer per `batchInterval`.
+    func peerAuthenticated(_ peerID: PeerID, fingerprint: String, now: Date = Date()) {
+        guard context.isVerifiedFingerprint(fingerprint) else { return }
+        guard context.peerCapabilities(for: peerID).contains(.vouch) else { return }
+        if let lastSent = context.lastVouchBatchSent(to: fingerprint),
+           now.timeIntervalSince(lastSent) < Self.batchInterval {
+            return
+        }
+
+        let candidates = context.recentlyVerifiedFingerprints(
+            limit: VouchAttestation.maxBatchCount,
+            excluding: fingerprint
+        )
+        var attestations: [VouchAttestation] = []
+        for candidate in candidates {
+            // Only fingerprints whose announce-bound signing key we know can
+            // be anchored to a concrete identity; skip the rest.
+            guard let fingerprintData = Data(hexString: candidate),
+                  fingerprintData.count == VouchAttestation.fingerprintSize,
+                  let signingKey = context.signingKey(forFingerprint: candidate),
+                  signingKey.count == VouchAttestation.signingKeySize,
+                  let attestation = VouchAttestation.build(
+                      voucheeFingerprint: fingerprintData,
+                      voucheeSigningKey: signingKey,
+                      timestampMs: UInt64(now.timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000),
+                      sign: context.noiseSignData
+                  ) else {
+                continue
+            }
+            attestations.append(attestation)
+        }
+
+        guard !attestations.isEmpty,
+              let payload = VouchAttestation.encodeList(attestations) else { return }
+        context.sendVouchAttestations(payload, to: peerID)
+        context.markVouchBatchSent(to: fingerprint, at: now)
+        SecureLogger.debug(
+            "🪪 Sent \(attestations.count) vouch attestation(s) to \(peerID.id.prefix(8))…",
+            category: .security
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Accept policy: process inbound vouches only from a sender I verified,
+    /// only with a valid Ed25519 signature under the sender's announce-bound
+    /// signing key, and only within the validity window. Self-vouches and
+    /// vouches for already-verified peers are dropped by the identity
+    /// manager's storage gates.
+    func handleVouchPayload(from peerID: PeerID, payload: Data, now: Date = Date()) {
+        guard let senderFingerprint = context.getFingerprint(for: peerID),
+              context.isVerifiedFingerprint(senderFingerprint) else {
+            SecureLogger.debug(
+                "🪪 Ignoring vouch payload from unverified peer \(peerID.id.prefix(8))…",
+                category: .security
+            )
+            return
+        }
+        guard let senderSigningKey = context.signingKey(forFingerprint: senderFingerprint) else {
+            SecureLogger.debug(
+                "🪪 No signing key for vouching peer \(peerID.id.prefix(8))…; dropping batch",
+                category: .security
+            )
+            return
+        }
+
+        var acceptedCount = 0
+        for attestation in VouchAttestation.decodeList(from: payload) {
+            guard attestation.verifySignature(voucherSigningKey: senderSigningKey),
+                  !attestation.isExpired(now: now) else { continue }
+            let stored = context.recordVouch(
+                voucheeFingerprint: attestation.voucheeFingerprintHex,
+                voucherFingerprint: senderFingerprint,
+                timestamp: attestation.timestamp
+            )
+            if stored { acceptedCount += 1 }
+        }
+
+        if acceptedCount > 0 {
+            SecureLogger.info(
+                "🪪 Accepted \(acceptedCount) vouch(es) from \(senderFingerprint.prefix(8))…",
+                category: .security
+            )
+            context.notifyPeerTrustChanged()
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/bitchat/ViewModels/NostrInboundPipeline.swift b/bitchat/ViewModels/NostrInboundPipeline.swift
index 337fa474..0ebbfc7d 100644
--- a/bitchat/ViewModels/NostrInboundPipeline.swift
+++ b/bitchat/ViewModels/NostrInboundPipeline.swift
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ final class NostrInboundPipeline {
             context.handleDelivered(noisePayload, senderPubkey: senderPubkey, convKey: convKey)
         case .readReceipt:
             context.handleReadReceipt(noisePayload, senderPubkey: senderPubkey, convKey: convKey)
-        case .verifyChallenge, .verifyResponse:
+        case .verifyChallenge, .verifyResponse, .vouch:
             break
         }
     }
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ final class NostrInboundPipeline {
             context.handleDelivered(payload, senderPubkey: senderPubkey, convKey: convKey)
         case .readReceipt:
             context.handleReadReceipt(payload, senderPubkey: senderPubkey, convKey: convKey)
-        case .verifyChallenge, .verifyResponse:
+        case .verifyChallenge, .verifyResponse, .vouch:
             break
         }
     }
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ final class NostrInboundPipeline {
                             context.handleDelivered(payload, senderPubkey: senderPubkey, convKey: targetPeerID)
                         case .readReceipt:
                             context.handleReadReceipt(payload, senderPubkey: senderPubkey, convKey: targetPeerID)
-                        case .verifyChallenge, .verifyResponse:
+                        case .verifyChallenge, .verifyResponse, .vouch:
                             break
                         }
                     }
diff --git a/bitchat/Views/FingerprintView.swift b/bitchat/Views/FingerprintView.swift
index 06fc865f..fb4541f5 100644
--- a/bitchat/Views/FingerprintView.swift
+++ b/bitchat/Views/FingerprintView.swift
@@ -37,6 +37,14 @@ struct FingerprintView: View {
         }
         static let markVerified: LocalizedStringKey = "fingerprint.action.mark_verified"
         static let removeVerification: LocalizedStringKey = "fingerprint.action.remove_verification"
+        static let vouchedBadge: LocalizedStringKey = "fingerprint.badge.vouched"
+        static func vouchedBy(_ count: Int) -> String {
+            String(
+                format: String(localized: "fingerprint.message.vouched_by", comment: "How many people the user verified have vouched for this peer"),
+                locale: .current,
+                count
+            )
+        }
         static func unknownPeer() -> String {
             String(localized: "common.unknown", comment: "Label for an unknown peer")
         }
@@ -146,6 +154,41 @@ struct FingerprintView: View {
                         }
                 }
                 
+                // Vouched (transitively verified) status: shown whenever the
+                // peer isn't explicitly verified but people I verified vouch
+                // for them, independent of the current session state.
+                if fingerprintState.isVouched && !fingerprintState.isVerified {
+                    VStack(spacing: 8) {
+                        HStack(spacing: 6) {
+                            Image(systemName: "checkmark.seal")
+                                .font(.bitchatSystem(size: 14))
+                                .foregroundColor(.teal)
+                            Text(Strings.vouchedBadge)
+                                .bitchatFont(size: 14, weight: .bold)
+                                .foregroundColor(.teal)
+                        }
+                        .frame(maxWidth: .infinity)
+
+                        Text(Strings.vouchedBy(fingerprintState.voucherCount))
+                            .bitchatFont(size: 12)
+                            .foregroundColor(textColor.opacity(0.7))
+                            .multilineTextAlignment(.center)
+                            .frame(maxWidth: .infinity)
+
+                        if !fingerprintState.voucherNames.isEmpty {
+                            Text(fingerprintState.voucherNames.joined(separator: ", "))
+                                .bitchatFont(size: 12)
+                                .foregroundColor(textColor.opacity(0.7))
+                                .multilineTextAlignment(.center)
+                                .lineLimit(nil)
+                                .fixedSize(horizontal: false, vertical: true)
+                                .frame(maxWidth: .infinity)
+                        }
+                    }
+                    .padding(.top, 8)
+                    .accessibilityElement(children: .combine)
+                }
+
                 // Verification status
                 if fingerprintState.canToggleVerification {
                     VStack(spacing: 12) {
diff --git a/bitchat/Views/MeshPeerList.swift b/bitchat/Views/MeshPeerList.swift
index 244cd6dc..b09ef476 100644
--- a/bitchat/Views/MeshPeerList.swift
+++ b/bitchat/Views/MeshPeerList.swift
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ struct MeshPeerList: View {
         static let favorite = String(localized: "mesh_peers.state.favorite", comment: "State label for a favorited peer")
         static let unread = String(localized: "mesh_peers.state.unread", comment: "State label for a peer with unread private messages")
         static let blocked = String(localized: "mesh_peers.state.blocked", comment: "State label for a blocked peer")
+        static let vouched = String(localized: "mesh_peers.state.vouched", comment: "State label for a peer vouched for by someone the user verified")
+        static let vouchedTooltip = String(localized: "mesh_peers.tooltip.vouched", comment: "Tooltip for the vouched (unfilled seal) badge next to a peer")
         static let addFavorite = String(localized: "content.accessibility.add_favorite", comment: "Accessibility label to add a favorite")
         static let removeFavorite = String(localized: "content.accessibility.remove_favorite", comment: "Accessibility label to remove a favorite")
         static let showFingerprint = String(localized: "mesh_peers.action.fingerprint", comment: "Context menu action that shows a peer's fingerprint/verification screen")
@@ -134,6 +136,16 @@ struct MeshPeerList: View {
                                         .foregroundColor(baseColor)
                                 }
                             }
+
+                            // Vouched (transitively verified): unfilled seal,
+                            // deliberately distinct from verified's filled one.
+                            // Never shown alongside a verified badge.
+                            if peer.showsVouchedBadge {
+                                Image(systemName: "checkmark.seal")
+                                    .font(.bitchatSystem(size: 10))
+                                    .foregroundColor(baseColor)
+                                    .help(Strings.vouchedTooltip)
+                            }
                         }
 
                         Spacer()
@@ -241,6 +253,7 @@ struct MeshPeerList: View {
                 parts.append(Strings.offline)
             }
         }
+        if peer.showsVouchedBadge { parts.append(Strings.vouched) }
         if peer.isFavorite { parts.append(Strings.favorite) }
         if peer.hasUnread { parts.append(Strings.unread) }
         if peer.isBlocked { parts.append(Strings.blocked) }
diff --git a/bitchatTests/AppArchitectureTests.swift b/bitchatTests/AppArchitectureTests.swift
index 0b70f0e4..69b7fc89 100644
--- a/bitchatTests/AppArchitectureTests.swift
+++ b/bitchatTests/AppArchitectureTests.swift
@@ -591,6 +591,45 @@ struct AppArchitectureTests {
         #expect(!verificationModel.isVerified(peerID: peerID))
     }
 
+    @Test("VerificationModel refreshes when peer trust changes (vouch accepted)")
+    @MainActor
+    func verificationModelRefreshesOnPeerTrustChange() async {
+        let viewModel = makeArchitectureViewModel()
+        var privateConversationModel: PrivateConversationModel? = PrivateConversationModel(
+            chatViewModel: viewModel,
+            conversations: viewModel.conversations,
+            locationChannelsModel: LocationChannelsModel(manager: makeArchitectureLocationManager())
+        )
+        let verificationModel = VerificationModel(
+            chatViewModel: viewModel,
+            privateConversationModel: privateConversationModel!
+        )
+
+        // PrivateConversationModel happens to observe the same notification
+        // and re-assign its published selection, which would ripple into
+        // VerificationModel; release it so this test pins VerificationModel's
+        // own subscription rather than that incidental chain.
+        privateConversationModel = nil
+
+        // The bound @Published sources replay their current values on
+        // subscription; let those initial main-queue emissions settle so the
+        // sink below observes only the trust-change signal.
+        try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 100_000_000)
+
+        // ChatVouchCoordinator.notifyPeerTrustChanged() signals accepted
+        // vouches via "peerStatusUpdated"; an open fingerprint sheet must
+        // re-render its vouched badge from that signal alone.
+        var refreshed = false
+        let cancellable = verificationModel.objectWillChange.sink { _ in
+            refreshed = true
+        }
+        defer { cancellable.cancel() }
+
+        NotificationCenter.default.post(name: Notification.Name("peerStatusUpdated"), object: nil)
+        await waitUntil { refreshed }
+        #expect(refreshed)
+    }
+
     @Test("PeerListModel publishes mesh and geohash directory state")
     @MainActor
     func peerListModelPublishesDirectoryState() async {
diff --git a/bitchatTests/ChatTransportEventCoordinatorContextTests.swift b/bitchatTests/ChatTransportEventCoordinatorContextTests.swift
index 1c1fc46f..bd112e9b 100644
--- a/bitchatTests/ChatTransportEventCoordinatorContextTests.swift
+++ b/bitchatTests/ChatTransportEventCoordinatorContextTests.swift
@@ -156,6 +156,12 @@ private final class MockChatTransportEventContext: ChatTransportEventContext {
     func handleVerifyResponsePayload(from peerID: PeerID, payload: Data) {
         verifyResponsePayloads.append((peerID, payload))
     }
+
+    private(set) var vouchPayloads: [(peerID: PeerID, payload: Data)] = []
+
+    func handleVouchPayload(from peerID: PeerID, payload: Data) {
+        vouchPayloads.append((peerID, payload))
+    }
 }
 
 // MARK: - Helpers
diff --git a/bitchatTests/ChatVouchCoordinatorContextTests.swift b/bitchatTests/ChatVouchCoordinatorContextTests.swift
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0602b7ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bitchatTests/ChatVouchCoordinatorContextTests.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+//
+// ChatVouchCoordinatorContextTests.swift
+// bitchatTests
+//
+// Exercises `ChatVouchCoordinator` against a mock `ChatVouchContext` —
+// proving the exchange policy (verified + capable peers only, batch cap,
+// 24h rate limit) and the accept policy (verified senders only, real
+// Ed25519 signature verification, expiry) without a `ChatViewModel`.
+// Storage-level gates (self-vouch, already-verified vouchee, per-vouchee
+// cap) are covered by `SecureIdentityStateManagerVouchTests`.
+//
+
+import CryptoKit
+import Foundation
+import BitFoundation
+import Testing
+
+@testable import bitchat
+
+// MARK: - Mock Context
+
+@MainActor
+private final class MockChatVouchContext: ChatVouchContext {
+    // Identity & trust state
+    var fingerprintsByPeerID: [PeerID: String] = [:]
+    var verifiedFingerprints: Set<String> = []
+    var signingKeysByFingerprint: [String: Data] = [:]
+    var recentVerified: [String] = []
+    private(set) var recentVerifiedRequests: [(limit: Int, excluding: String)] = []
+    private(set) var recordedVouches: [(vouchee: String, voucher: String, timestamp: Date)] = []
+    var recordVouchResult = true
+    var lastBatchSentAt: [String: Date] = [:]
+    private(set) var markedBatchSent: [(fingerprint: String, date: Date)] = []
+
+    func getFingerprint(for peerID: PeerID) -> String? { fingerprintsByPeerID[peerID] }
+    func isVerifiedFingerprint(_ fingerprint: String) -> Bool { verifiedFingerprints.contains(fingerprint) }
+    func signingKey(forFingerprint fingerprint: String) -> Data? { signingKeysByFingerprint[fingerprint] }
+
+    func recentlyVerifiedFingerprints(limit: Int, excluding fingerprint: String) -> [String] {
+        recentVerifiedRequests.append((limit, fingerprint))
+        return Array(recentVerified.filter { $0 != fingerprint }.prefix(limit))
+    }
+
+    @discardableResult
+    func recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: String, voucherFingerprint: String, timestamp: Date) -> Bool {
+        recordedVouches.append((voucheeFingerprint, voucherFingerprint, timestamp))
+        return recordVouchResult
+    }
+
+    func lastVouchBatchSent(to fingerprint: String) -> Date? { lastBatchSentAt[fingerprint] }
+
+    func markVouchBatchSent(to fingerprint: String, at date: Date) {
+        markedBatchSent.append((fingerprint, date))
+        lastBatchSentAt[fingerprint] = date
+    }
+
+    // Transport
+    var capabilitiesByPeerID: [PeerID: PeerCapabilities] = [:]
+    var mySigningKey = Curve25519.Signing.PrivateKey()
+    private(set) var installedObservers: [(PeerID, String) -> Void] = []
+    private(set) var sentVouchPayloads: [(payload: Data, peerID: PeerID)] = []
+
+    func peerCapabilities(for peerID: PeerID) -> PeerCapabilities { capabilitiesByPeerID[peerID] ?? [] }
+
+    func addPeerAuthenticatedObserver(_ handler: @escaping (PeerID, String) -> Void) {
+        installedObservers.append(handler)
+    }
+
+    func noiseSignData(_ data: Data) -> Data? { try? mySigningKey.signature(for: data) }
+
+    func sendVouchAttestations(_ payload: Data, to peerID: PeerID) {
+        sentVouchPayloads.append((payload, peerID))
+    }
+
+    // UI refresh
+    private(set) var trustChangedCount = 0
+
+    func notifyPeerTrustChanged() { trustChangedCount += 1 }
+}
+
+// MARK: - Tests
+
+struct ChatVouchCoordinatorContextTests {
+    private let peerID = PeerID(str: "1122334455667788")
+    private let peerFingerprint = String(repeating: "0f", count: 32)
+
+    @MainActor
+    private func makeVerifiedCapablePeer() -> (MockChatVouchContext, ChatVouchCoordinator) {
+        let context = MockChatVouchContext()
+        let coordinator = ChatVouchCoordinator(context: context)
+        context.fingerprintsByPeerID[peerID] = peerFingerprint
+        context.verifiedFingerprints.insert(peerFingerprint)
+        context.capabilitiesByPeerID[peerID] = [.vouch]
+        return (context, coordinator)
+    }
+
+    // MARK: Exchange policy
+
+    @Test @MainActor
+    func peerAuthenticated_sendsBatchForVerifiedCapablePeer() throws {
+        let (context, coordinator) = makeVerifiedCapablePeer()
+        let vouchees = [String(repeating: "01", count: 32), String(repeating: "02", count: 32)]
+        context.recentVerified = vouchees
+        for vouchee in vouchees {
+            context.signingKeysByFingerprint[vouchee] = Data(repeating: 0x33, count: 32)
+        }
+
+        coordinator.peerAuthenticated(peerID, fingerprint: peerFingerprint)
+
+        // Candidates are requested most-recent-first, excluding the target.
+        #expect(context.recentVerifiedRequests.count == 1)
+        #expect(context.recentVerifiedRequests.first?.limit == VouchAttestation.maxBatchCount)
+        #expect(context.recentVerifiedRequests.first?.excluding == peerFingerprint)
+
+        let sent = try #require(context.sentVouchPayloads.first)
+        #expect(sent.peerID == peerID)
+        let attestations = VouchAttestation.decodeList(from: sent.payload)
+        #expect(attestations.map(\.voucheeFingerprintHex) == vouchees)
+        // Every attestation carries a valid signature under our signing key.
+        let myPublicKey = context.mySigningKey.publicKey.rawRepresentation
+        #expect(attestations.allSatisfy { $0.verifySignature(voucherSigningKey: myPublicKey) })
+
+        // The rate limit is stamped only after an actual send.
+        #expect(context.markedBatchSent.map(\.fingerprint) == [peerFingerprint])
+    }
+
+    @Test @MainActor
+    func peerAuthenticated_requiresVerificationAndCapability() {
+        let (context, coordinator) = makeVerifiedCapablePeer()
+        context.recentVerified = [String(repeating: "01", count: 32)]
+        context.signingKeysByFingerprint[context.recentVerified[0]] = Data(repeating: 0x33, count: 32)
+
+        // Not verified by me: nothing.
+        context.verifiedFingerprints.remove(peerFingerprint)
+        coordinator.peerAuthenticated(peerID, fingerprint: peerFingerprint)
+        #expect(context.sentVouchPayloads.isEmpty)
+
+        // Verified but no .vouch capability: nothing.
+        context.verifiedFingerprints.insert(peerFingerprint)
+        context.capabilitiesByPeerID[peerID] = []
+        coordinator.peerAuthenticated(peerID, fingerprint: peerFingerprint)
+        #expect(context.sentVouchPayloads.isEmpty)
+        #expect(context.markedBatchSent.isEmpty)
+    }
+
+    @Test @MainActor
+    func peerAuthenticated_rateLimitsPerPeerPer24Hours() {
+        let (context, coordinator) = makeVerifiedCapablePeer()
+        context.recentVerified = [String(repeating: "01", count: 32)]
+        context.signingKeysByFingerprint[context.recentVerified[0]] = Data(repeating: 0x33, count: 32)
+
+        let now = Date()
+        context.lastBatchSentAt[peerFingerprint] = now.addingTimeInterval(-60 * 60)
+        coordinator.peerAuthenticated(peerID, fingerprint: peerFingerprint, now: now)
+        #expect(context.sentVouchPayloads.isEmpty)
+
+        // Once the interval has elapsed the batch goes out again.
+        context.lastBatchSentAt[peerFingerprint] = now.addingTimeInterval(-ChatVouchCoordinator.batchInterval - 1)
+        coordinator.peerAuthenticated(peerID, fingerprint: peerFingerprint, now: now)
+        #expect(context.sentVouchPayloads.count == 1)
+    }
+
+    @Test @MainActor
+    func peerAuthenticated_skipsCandidatesWithoutSigningKeysAndEmptyBatches() {
+        let (context, coordinator) = makeVerifiedCapablePeer()
+        let withKey = String(repeating: "01", count: 32)
+        let withoutKey = String(repeating: "02", count: 32)
+        context.recentVerified = [withoutKey, withKey]
+        context.signingKeysByFingerprint[withKey] = Data(repeating: 0x33, count: 32)
+
+        coordinator.peerAuthenticated(peerID, fingerprint: peerFingerprint)
+        let attestations = VouchAttestation.decodeList(from: context.sentVouchPayloads[0].payload)
+        #expect(attestations.map(\.voucheeFingerprintHex) == [withKey])
+
+        // No signable candidates at all: nothing is sent or rate-stamped.
+        let freshPeer = PeerID(str: "aabbccddeeff0011")
+        let freshFingerprint = String(repeating: "0e", count: 32)
+        context.fingerprintsByPeerID[freshPeer] = freshFingerprint
+        context.verifiedFingerprints.insert(freshFingerprint)
+        context.capabilitiesByPeerID[freshPeer] = [.vouch]
+        context.recentVerified = [withoutKey]
+        coordinator.peerAuthenticated(freshPeer, fingerprint: freshFingerprint)
+        #expect(context.sentVouchPayloads.count == 1)
+        #expect(!context.markedBatchSent.contains { $0.fingerprint == freshFingerprint })
+    }
+
+    // MARK: Accept policy
+
+    @MainActor
+    private func makeInboundBatch(
+        signedBy key: Curve25519.Signing.PrivateKey,
+        vouchee: String = String(repeating: "07", count: 32),
+        timestampMs: UInt64 = UInt64(Date().timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000)
+    ) throws -> Data {
+        let voucheeData = try #require(Data(hexString: vouchee))
+        let attestation = try #require(VouchAttestation.build(
+            voucheeFingerprint: voucheeData,
+            voucheeSigningKey: Data(repeating: 0x44, count: 32),
+            timestampMs: timestampMs,
+            sign: { try? key.signature(for: $0) }
+        ))
+        return try #require(VouchAttestation.encodeList([attestation]))
+    }
+
+    @Test @MainActor
+    func handleVouchPayload_acceptsValidVouchFromVerifiedSender() throws {
+        let (context, coordinator) = makeVerifiedCapablePeer()
+        let senderKey = Curve25519.Signing.PrivateKey()
+        context.signingKeysByFingerprint[peerFingerprint] = senderKey.publicKey.rawRepresentation
+
+        let vouchee = String(repeating: "07", count: 32)
+        let payload = try makeInboundBatch(signedBy: senderKey, vouchee: vouchee)
+        coordinator.handleVouchPayload(from: peerID, payload: payload)
+
+        #expect(context.recordedVouches.count == 1)
+        #expect(context.recordedVouches.first?.vouchee == vouchee)
+        #expect(context.recordedVouches.first?.voucher == peerFingerprint)
+        #expect(context.trustChangedCount == 1)
+    }
+
+    @Test @MainActor
+    func handleVouchPayload_rejectsUnverifiedOrUnknownSender() throws {
+        let (context, coordinator) = makeVerifiedCapablePeer()
+        let senderKey = Curve25519.Signing.PrivateKey()
+        context.signingKeysByFingerprint[peerFingerprint] = senderKey.publicKey.rawRepresentation
+        let payload = try makeInboundBatch(signedBy: senderKey)
+
+        // Sender's fingerprint is not in my verified set.
+        context.verifiedFingerprints.remove(peerFingerprint)
+        coordinator.handleVouchPayload(from: peerID, payload: payload)
+        #expect(context.recordedVouches.isEmpty)
+
+        // Unknown peer entirely.
+        coordinator.handleVouchPayload(from: PeerID(str: "ffeeddccbbaa9988"), payload: payload)
+        #expect(context.recordedVouches.isEmpty)
+        #expect(context.trustChangedCount == 0)
+    }
+
+    @Test @MainActor
+    func handleVouchPayload_rejectsForgedSignaturesAndExpiredAttestations() throws {
+        let (context, coordinator) = makeVerifiedCapablePeer()
+        let senderKey = Curve25519.Signing.PrivateKey()
+        context.signingKeysByFingerprint[peerFingerprint] = senderKey.publicKey.rawRepresentation
+
+        // Signed by an imposter key: signature check against the sender's
+        // announce-bound key fails.
+        let imposter = Curve25519.Signing.PrivateKey()
+        let forged = try makeInboundBatch(signedBy: imposter)
+        coordinator.handleVouchPayload(from: peerID, payload: forged)
+        #expect(context.recordedVouches.isEmpty)
+
+        // Correctly signed but expired.
+        let staleMs = UInt64(Date().addingTimeInterval(-31 * 24 * 60 * 60).timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000)
+        let expired = try makeInboundBatch(signedBy: senderKey, timestampMs: staleMs)
+        coordinator.handleVouchPayload(from: peerID, payload: expired)
+        #expect(context.recordedVouches.isEmpty)
+        #expect(context.trustChangedCount == 0)
+
+        // No signing key known for the sender: batch dropped.
+        context.signingKeysByFingerprint.removeValue(forKey: peerFingerprint)
+        let valid = try makeInboundBatch(signedBy: senderKey)
+        coordinator.handleVouchPayload(from: peerID, payload: valid)
+        #expect(context.recordedVouches.isEmpty)
+    }
+
+    @Test @MainActor
+    func handleVouchPayload_skipsUIRefreshWhenNothingStored() throws {
+        let (context, coordinator) = makeVerifiedCapablePeer()
+        let senderKey = Curve25519.Signing.PrivateKey()
+        context.signingKeysByFingerprint[peerFingerprint] = senderKey.publicKey.rawRepresentation
+        context.recordVouchResult = false // e.g. self-vouch dropped by the store
+
+        let payload = try makeInboundBatch(signedBy: senderKey)
+        coordinator.handleVouchPayload(from: peerID, payload: payload)
+        #expect(context.recordedVouches.count == 1)
+        #expect(context.trustChangedCount == 0)
+    }
+
+    @Test @MainActor
+    func setupNoiseCallbacks_installsAdditiveObserver() {
+        let (context, coordinator) = makeVerifiedCapablePeer()
+        coordinator.setupNoiseCallbacks()
+        #expect(context.installedObservers.count == 1)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/bitchatTests/Mocks/MockIdentityManager.swift b/bitchatTests/Mocks/MockIdentityManager.swift
index 633c388b..1ff1926a 100644
--- a/bitchatTests/Mocks/MockIdentityManager.swift
+++ b/bitchatTests/Mocks/MockIdentityManager.swift
@@ -107,12 +107,55 @@ final class MockIdentityManager: SecureIdentityStateManagerProtocol {
     func removeEphemeralSession(peerID: PeerID) {}
     
     func setVerified(fingerprint: String, verified: Bool) {}
-    
+
     func isVerified(fingerprint: String) -> Bool {
         true
     }
-    
+
     func getVerifiedFingerprints() -> Set<String> {
         Set()
     }
+
+    // MARK: Vouching (transitive verification)
+
+    private var vouchesByVouchee: [String: [VouchRecord]] = [:]
+    private var vouchBatchSentAt: [String: Date] = [:]
+
+    @discardableResult
+    func recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: String, voucherFingerprint: String, timestamp: Date) -> Bool {
+        guard voucheeFingerprint != voucherFingerprint else { return false }
+        var records = vouchesByVouchee[voucheeFingerprint] ?? []
+        records.removeAll { $0.voucherFingerprint == voucherFingerprint }
+        records.append(VouchRecord(voucherFingerprint: voucherFingerprint, timestamp: timestamp))
+        vouchesByVouchee[voucheeFingerprint] = records
+        return true
+    }
+
+    func validVouchers(for fingerprint: String) -> [VouchRecord] {
+        vouchesByVouchee[fingerprint] ?? []
+    }
+
+    func isVouched(fingerprint: String) -> Bool {
+        !(vouchesByVouchee[fingerprint] ?? []).isEmpty
+    }
+
+    func effectiveTrustLevel(for fingerprint: String) -> TrustLevel {
+        socialIdentities[fingerprint]?.trustLevel ?? .unknown
+    }
+
+    func lastVouchBatchSent(to fingerprint: String) -> Date? {
+        vouchBatchSentAt[fingerprint]
+    }
+
+    func markVouchBatchSent(to fingerprint: String, at date: Date) {
+        vouchBatchSentAt[fingerprint] = date
+    }
+
+    func signingPublicKey(forFingerprint fingerprint: String) -> Data? {
+        nil
+    }
+
+    func mostRecentlyVerifiedFingerprints(limit: Int, excluding fingerprint: String) -> [String] {
+        []
+    }
 }
diff --git a/bitchatTests/Protocols/VouchAttestationTests.swift b/bitchatTests/Protocols/VouchAttestationTests.swift
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..064cf4d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bitchatTests/Protocols/VouchAttestationTests.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+import CryptoKit
+import Foundation
+import Testing
+
+@testable import bitchat
+
+struct VouchAttestationTests {
+    private let voucherKey = Curve25519.Signing.PrivateKey()
+
+    private func makeAttestation(
+        fingerprint: Data = Data(repeating: 0xAA, count: 32),
+        signingKey: Data = Data(repeating: 0xBB, count: 32),
+        timestampMs: UInt64 = UInt64(Date().timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000),
+        signedBy key: Curve25519.Signing.PrivateKey? = nil
+    ) throws -> VouchAttestation {
+        let signer = key ?? voucherKey
+        return try #require(
+            VouchAttestation.build(
+                voucheeFingerprint: fingerprint,
+                voucheeSigningKey: signingKey,
+                timestampMs: timestampMs,
+                sign: { try? signer.signature(for: $0) }
+            )
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func roundTripsAndVerifiesSignature() throws {
+        let attestation = try makeAttestation()
+        let encoded = try #require(attestation.encode())
+        let decoded = try #require(VouchAttestation.decode(from: encoded))
+
+        #expect(decoded == attestation)
+        #expect(decoded.voucheeFingerprintHex == String(repeating: "aa", count: 32))
+        #expect(decoded.verifySignature(voucherSigningKey: voucherKey.publicKey.rawRepresentation))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func decodeSkipsUnknownTLVsAndRejectsMalformedInput() throws {
+        let attestation = try makeAttestation()
+        var encoded = try #require(attestation.encode())
+
+        // Unknown TLV appended: skipped for forward compatibility.
+        encoded.append(contentsOf: [0x7F, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02])
+        #expect(VouchAttestation.decode(from: encoded) == attestation)
+
+        // Truncation and missing fields are rejected.
+        #expect(VouchAttestation.decode(from: encoded.dropLast()) == nil)
+        #expect(VouchAttestation.decode(from: Data([0x01, 0x20])) == nil)
+        #expect(VouchAttestation.decode(from: Data()) == nil)
+
+        // Wrong field sizes are rejected.
+        var wrongSize = Data([0x01, 0x10])
+        wrongSize.append(Data(repeating: 0xAA, count: 16))
+        #expect(VouchAttestation.decode(from: wrongSize) == nil)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func buildRejectsWrongKeyAndFingerprintSizes() {
+        let sign: (Data) -> Data? = { try? self.voucherKey.signature(for: $0) }
+        #expect(VouchAttestation.build(
+            voucheeFingerprint: Data(repeating: 0xAA, count: 16),
+            voucheeSigningKey: Data(repeating: 0xBB, count: 32),
+            sign: sign
+        ) == nil)
+        #expect(VouchAttestation.build(
+            voucheeFingerprint: Data(repeating: 0xAA, count: 32),
+            voucheeSigningKey: Data(repeating: 0xBB, count: 16),
+            sign: sign
+        ) == nil)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func forgedSignatureFailsVerification() throws {
+        let attestation = try makeAttestation()
+        let otherKey = Curve25519.Signing.PrivateKey()
+
+        // Verifying against a key that didn't sign fails.
+        #expect(!attestation.verifySignature(voucherSigningKey: otherKey.publicKey.rawRepresentation))
+
+        // An attestation signed by an imposter fails against the real key.
+        let forged = try makeAttestation(signedBy: otherKey)
+        #expect(!forged.verifySignature(voucherSigningKey: voucherKey.publicKey.rawRepresentation))
+        #expect(!attestation.verifySignature(voucherSigningKey: Data(repeating: 0x01, count: 3)))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func tamperedFieldsFailVerification() throws {
+        let attestation = try makeAttestation()
+        let publicKey = voucherKey.publicKey.rawRepresentation
+
+        var tamperedFingerprint = attestation.voucheeFingerprint
+        tamperedFingerprint[0] ^= 0xFF
+        let tampered = VouchAttestation(
+            voucheeFingerprint: tamperedFingerprint,
+            voucheeSigningKey: attestation.voucheeSigningKey,
+            timestampMs: attestation.timestampMs,
+            signature: attestation.signature
+        )
+        #expect(!tampered.verifySignature(voucherSigningKey: publicKey))
+
+        let backdated = VouchAttestation(
+            voucheeFingerprint: attestation.voucheeFingerprint,
+            voucheeSigningKey: attestation.voucheeSigningKey,
+            timestampMs: attestation.timestampMs - 1,
+            signature: attestation.signature
+        )
+        #expect(!backdated.verifySignature(voucherSigningKey: publicKey))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func expiryWindowIsEnforced() throws {
+        let now = Date()
+        let fresh = try makeAttestation(timestampMs: UInt64(now.timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000))
+        #expect(!fresh.isExpired(now: now))
+
+        let thirtyOneDaysAgo = now.addingTimeInterval(-31 * 24 * 60 * 60)
+        let expired = try makeAttestation(timestampMs: UInt64(thirtyOneDaysAgo.timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000))
+        #expect(expired.isExpired(now: now))
+
+        let farFuture = now.addingTimeInterval(2 * 60 * 60)
+        let fromTheFuture = try makeAttestation(timestampMs: UInt64(farFuture.timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000))
+        #expect(fromTheFuture.isExpired(now: now))
+
+        // A verified-but-expired attestation still has a valid signature; the
+        // two checks are independent gates.
+        #expect(expired.verifySignature(voucherSigningKey: voucherKey.publicKey.rawRepresentation))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func batchRoundTripsAndEnforcesCap() throws {
+        let attestations = try (0..<3).map { index in
+            try makeAttestation(fingerprint: Data(repeating: UInt8(index + 1), count: 32))
+        }
+        let payload = try #require(VouchAttestation.encodeList(attestations))
+        #expect(VouchAttestation.decodeList(from: payload) == attestations)
+
+        #expect(VouchAttestation.encodeList([]) == nil)
+
+        let tooMany = try (0..<17).map { index in
+            try makeAttestation(fingerprint: Data(repeating: UInt8(index + 1), count: 32))
+        }
+        #expect(VouchAttestation.encodeList(tooMany) == nil)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func decodeListIgnoresEntriesBeyondCapAndMalformedEntries() throws {
+        let attestations = try (0..<17).map { index in
+            try makeAttestation(fingerprint: Data(repeating: UInt8(index + 1), count: 32))
+        }
+        // Hand-build an oversized batch that lies about its count.
+        var payload = Data([UInt8(attestations.count)])
+        for attestation in attestations {
+            let encoded = try #require(attestation.encode())
+            payload.append(UInt8(encoded.count >> 8))
+            payload.append(UInt8(encoded.count & 0xFF))
+            payload.append(encoded)
+        }
+        let decoded = VouchAttestation.decodeList(from: payload)
+        #expect(decoded.count == VouchAttestation.maxBatchCount)
+        #expect(decoded == Array(attestations.prefix(VouchAttestation.maxBatchCount)))
+
+        // A malformed middle entry is dropped without killing the batch.
+        let good = try makeAttestation()
+        let goodEncoded = try #require(good.encode())
+        var mixed = Data([2])
+        mixed.append(contentsOf: [0x00, 0x03, 0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE])
+        mixed.append(UInt8(goodEncoded.count >> 8))
+        mixed.append(UInt8(goodEncoded.count & 0xFF))
+        mixed.append(goodEncoded)
+        #expect(VouchAttestation.decodeList(from: mixed) == [good])
+
+        #expect(VouchAttestation.decodeList(from: Data()) == [])
+        #expect(VouchAttestation.decodeList(from: Data([5])) == [])
+    }
+}
diff --git a/bitchatTests/Services/SecureIdentityStateManagerVouchTests.swift b/bitchatTests/Services/SecureIdentityStateManagerVouchTests.swift
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ab46490
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bitchatTests/Services/SecureIdentityStateManagerVouchTests.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+import Foundation
+import Testing
+
+@testable import bitchat
+
+/// Vouch storage, accept-policy gates, derived trust levels, and persistence
+/// compatibility for `SecureIdentityStateManager`.
+///
+/// Ordering note: mutations use barrier blocks on the manager's concurrent
+/// queue and reads use `queue.sync`, so a read submitted after a mutation
+/// always observes it — no polling needed.
+///
+/// `@MainActor` matches production (the manager's vouch API is driven by the
+/// main-actor `ChatVouchCoordinator`) and keeps the blocking `queue.sync`
+/// reads off the Swift Concurrency cooperative pool. Left nonisolated, Swift
+/// Testing runs these tests in parallel on that pool, and on CI's few-core
+/// runners every pool thread ended up parked in `queue.sync` behind a pending
+/// `queue.async(.barrier)` write that never got a dispatch worker — a
+/// process-wide deadlock (watchdog SIGKILL, exit 137).
+@MainActor
+struct SecureIdentityStateManagerVouchTests {
+    private let voucher = String(repeating: "0a", count: 32)
+    private let vouchee = String(repeating: "0b", count: 32)
+
+    private func makeManager() -> SecureIdentityStateManager {
+        SecureIdentityStateManager(MockKeychain())
+    }
+
+    // MARK: - Accept-policy gates
+
+    @Test
+    func recordVouch_rejectsUnverifiedVoucher() {
+        let manager = makeManager()
+
+        #expect(!manager.recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: vouchee, voucherFingerprint: voucher, timestamp: Date()))
+        #expect(manager.validVouchers(for: vouchee).isEmpty)
+
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: voucher, verified: true)
+        #expect(manager.recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: vouchee, voucherFingerprint: voucher, timestamp: Date()))
+        #expect(manager.validVouchers(for: vouchee).count == 1)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func recordVouch_ignoresSelfVouch() {
+        let manager = makeManager()
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: voucher, verified: true)
+
+        #expect(!manager.recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: voucher, voucherFingerprint: voucher, timestamp: Date()))
+        #expect(manager.validVouchers(for: voucher).isEmpty)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func recordVouch_ignoresAlreadyVerifiedVouchee() {
+        let manager = makeManager()
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: voucher, verified: true)
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: vouchee, verified: true)
+
+        #expect(!manager.recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: vouchee, voucherFingerprint: voucher, timestamp: Date()))
+        #expect(!manager.isVouched(fingerprint: vouchee))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func recordVouch_rejectsStaleAndFarFutureTimestamps() {
+        let manager = makeManager()
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: voucher, verified: true)
+
+        let stale = Date().addingTimeInterval(-31 * 24 * 60 * 60)
+        #expect(!manager.recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: vouchee, voucherFingerprint: voucher, timestamp: stale))
+
+        let farFuture = Date().addingTimeInterval(2 * 60 * 60)
+        #expect(!manager.recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: vouchee, voucherFingerprint: voucher, timestamp: farFuture))
+
+        #expect(manager.validVouchers(for: vouchee).isEmpty)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func recordVouch_capsVouchersPerVoucheeKeepingMostRecent() {
+        let manager = makeManager()
+        let base = Date()
+
+        // 9 verified vouchers vouch with strictly increasing timestamps.
+        let vouchers = (0..<9).map { String(format: "%02x", $0 + 0x10) + String(repeating: "00", count: 31) }
+        for (index, voucherFingerprint) in vouchers.enumerated() {
+            manager.setVerified(fingerprint: voucherFingerprint, verified: true)
+            let stored = manager.recordVouch(
+                voucheeFingerprint: vouchee,
+                voucherFingerprint: voucherFingerprint,
+                timestamp: base.addingTimeInterval(TimeInterval(index)),
+                now: base.addingTimeInterval(TimeInterval(index))
+            )
+            #expect(stored)
+        }
+
+        let records = manager.validVouchers(for: vouchee)
+        #expect(records.count == SecureIdentityStateManager.maxVouchersPerVouchee)
+        // The oldest voucher fell off the end.
+        #expect(!records.contains { $0.voucherFingerprint == vouchers[0] })
+        #expect(records.contains { $0.voucherFingerprint == vouchers[8] })
+
+        // An attestation older than everything retained is not stored.
+        let older = String(repeating: "0c", count: 32)
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: older, verified: true)
+        #expect(!manager.recordVouch(
+            voucheeFingerprint: vouchee,
+            voucherFingerprint: older,
+            timestamp: base.addingTimeInterval(-1),
+            now: base
+        ))
+
+        // A repeat vouch from a retained voucher refreshes, not duplicates.
+        #expect(manager.recordVouch(
+            voucheeFingerprint: vouchee,
+            voucherFingerprint: vouchers[8],
+            timestamp: base.addingTimeInterval(100),
+            now: base.addingTimeInterval(100)
+        ))
+        #expect(manager.validVouchers(for: vouchee).count == SecureIdentityStateManager.maxVouchersPerVouchee)
+    }
+
+    // MARK: - Derived trust & invalidation
+
+    @Test
+    func unverifyingVoucher_invalidatesTheirVouchesWithoutDeletingThem() {
+        let manager = makeManager()
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: voucher, verified: true)
+        manager.recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: vouchee, voucherFingerprint: voucher, timestamp: Date())
+        #expect(manager.isVouched(fingerprint: vouchee))
+
+        // Removing my verification of the voucher retires their vouches…
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: voucher, verified: false)
+        #expect(!manager.isVouched(fingerprint: vouchee))
+        #expect(manager.validVouchers(for: vouchee).isEmpty)
+
+        // …but the records survive: re-verifying the voucher restores them
+        // (recompute on read, no cascade delete).
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: voucher, verified: true)
+        #expect(manager.isVouched(fingerprint: vouchee))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func validVouchers_expireAtReadTime() {
+        let manager = makeManager()
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: voucher, verified: true)
+
+        let now = Date()
+        let timestamp = now.addingTimeInterval(-29 * 24 * 60 * 60)
+        #expect(manager.recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: vouchee, voucherFingerprint: voucher, timestamp: timestamp, now: now))
+        #expect(manager.isVouched(fingerprint: vouchee, now: now))
+
+        let twoDaysLater = now.addingTimeInterval(2 * 24 * 60 * 60)
+        #expect(manager.validVouchers(for: vouchee, now: twoDaysLater).isEmpty)
+        #expect(!manager.isVouched(fingerprint: vouchee, now: twoDaysLater))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func effectiveTrustLevel_slotsVouchedBetweenCasualAndTrusted() {
+        let manager = makeManager()
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: voucher, verified: true)
+
+        // Unknown peer with a valid vouch reads as vouched.
+        #expect(manager.effectiveTrustLevel(for: vouchee) == .unknown)
+        manager.recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: vouchee, voucherFingerprint: voucher, timestamp: Date())
+        #expect(manager.effectiveTrustLevel(for: vouchee) == .vouched)
+
+        // Explicit trust outranks a vouch.
+        manager.updateSocialIdentity(SocialIdentity(
+            fingerprint: vouchee,
+            localPetname: nil,
+            claimedNickname: "bob",
+            trustLevel: .trusted,
+            isFavorite: false,
+            isBlocked: false,
+            notes: nil
+        ))
+        #expect(manager.effectiveTrustLevel(for: vouchee) == .trusted)
+
+        // Explicit verification outranks everything.
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: vouchee, verified: true)
+        #expect(manager.effectiveTrustLevel(for: vouchee) == .verified)
+        #expect(!manager.isVouched(fingerprint: vouchee))
+
+        // Losing the voucher downgrades vouched back to the stored level.
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: vouchee, verified: false)
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: voucher, verified: false)
+        #expect(manager.effectiveTrustLevel(for: vouchee) == .casual)
+    }
+
+    // MARK: - Exchange-policy state
+
+    @Test
+    func mostRecentlyVerifiedFingerprints_ordersAndExcludes() {
+        let manager = makeManager()
+        let first = String(repeating: "01", count: 32)
+        let second = String(repeating: "02", count: 32)
+        let third = String(repeating: "03", count: 32)
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: first, verified: true)
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: second, verified: true)
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: third, verified: true)
+
+        let ordered = manager.mostRecentlyVerifiedFingerprints(limit: 16, excluding: third)
+        #expect(ordered == [second, first])
+
+        let limited = manager.mostRecentlyVerifiedFingerprints(limit: 1, excluding: third)
+        #expect(limited == [second])
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func vouchBatchSentAt_roundTrips() {
+        let manager = makeManager()
+        #expect(manager.lastVouchBatchSent(to: voucher) == nil)
+
+        let sentAt = Date(timeIntervalSince1970: 1_700_000_000)
+        manager.markVouchBatchSent(to: voucher, at: sentAt)
+        #expect(manager.lastVouchBatchSent(to: voucher) == sentAt)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func signingPublicKey_returnsAnnounceBoundKeyByFingerprint() async {
+        let manager = makeManager()
+        let signingKey = Data(repeating: 0x22, count: 32)
+        manager.upsertCryptographicIdentity(
+            fingerprint: voucher,
+            noisePublicKey: Data(repeating: 0x11, count: 32),
+            signingPublicKey: signingKey,
+            claimedNickname: nil
+        )
+
+        let stored = await waitUntil { manager.signingPublicKey(forFingerprint: voucher) == signingKey }
+        #expect(stored)
+        #expect(manager.signingPublicKey(forFingerprint: vouchee) == nil)
+    }
+
+    // MARK: - Panic wipe
+
+    @Test
+    func clearAllIdentityData_wipesVouchState() async {
+        let manager = makeManager()
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: voucher, verified: true)
+        manager.recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: vouchee, voucherFingerprint: voucher, timestamp: Date())
+        manager.markVouchBatchSent(to: voucher, at: Date())
+        #expect(manager.isVouched(fingerprint: vouchee))
+
+        manager.clearAllIdentityData()
+
+        let wiped = await waitUntil { !manager.isVouched(fingerprint: vouchee) }
+        #expect(wiped)
+        #expect(manager.validVouchers(for: vouchee).isEmpty)
+        #expect(manager.lastVouchBatchSent(to: voucher) == nil)
+        #expect(manager.mostRecentlyVerifiedFingerprints(limit: 16, excluding: "").isEmpty)
+    }
+
+    // MARK: - Persistence compatibility
+
+    @Test
+    func trustLevelRawValuesAreStable() throws {
+        // Raw values are what's persisted; they must never change when cases
+        // are added mid-ladder.
+        #expect(TrustLevel.unknown.rawValue == "unknown")
+        #expect(TrustLevel.casual.rawValue == "casual")
+        #expect(TrustLevel.vouched.rawValue == "vouched")
+        #expect(TrustLevel.trusted.rawValue == "trusted")
+        #expect(TrustLevel.verified.rawValue == "verified")
+
+        let legacy = Data(#"["unknown","casual","trusted","verified"]"#.utf8)
+        let decoded = try JSONDecoder().decode([TrustLevel].self, from: legacy)
+        #expect(decoded == [.unknown, .casual, .trusted, .verified])
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func identityCachePersistedBeforeVouchingDecodesCleanly() throws {
+        // A cache captured before the vouch fields existed must decode without
+        // tripping the "unreadable cache" recovery path.
+        let legacyJSON = Data("""
+        {
+          "socialIdentities": {},
+          "nicknameIndex": {},
+          "verifiedFingerprints": ["\(voucher)"],
+          "lastInteractions": {},
+          "blockedNostrPubkeys": [],
+          "version": 1
+        }
+        """.utf8)
+
+        let decoded = try JSONDecoder().decode(IdentityCache.self, from: legacyJSON)
+        #expect(decoded.vouchesByVouchee == nil)
+        #expect(decoded.vouchBatchSentAt == nil)
+        #expect(decoded.verifiedAt == nil)
+        #expect(decoded.verifiedFingerprints == [voucher])
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func identityCacheRoundTripsVouchState() throws {
+        var cache = IdentityCache()
+        cache.verifiedFingerprints = [voucher]
+        cache.vouchesByVouchee = [vouchee: [VouchRecord(voucherFingerprint: voucher, timestamp: Date(timeIntervalSince1970: 1_700_000_000))]]
+        cache.vouchBatchSentAt = [voucher: Date(timeIntervalSince1970: 1_700_000_001)]
+        cache.verifiedAt = [voucher: Date(timeIntervalSince1970: 1_700_000_002)]
+
+        let decoded = try JSONDecoder().decode(IdentityCache.self, from: JSONEncoder().encode(cache))
+        #expect(decoded.vouchesByVouchee == cache.vouchesByVouchee)
+        #expect(decoded.vouchBatchSentAt == cache.vouchBatchSentAt)
+        #expect(decoded.verifiedAt == cache.verifiedAt)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func vouchStateSurvivesReload() async {
+        let keychain = MockKeychain()
+        let manager = SecureIdentityStateManager(keychain)
+        manager.setVerified(fingerprint: voucher, verified: true)
+        manager.recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: vouchee, voucherFingerprint: voucher, timestamp: Date())
+        let saved = await waitUntil { manager.isVouched(fingerprint: self.vouchee) }
+        #expect(saved)
+        manager.forceSave()
+
+        let reloaded = SecureIdentityStateManager(keychain)
+        #expect(reloaded.isVouched(fingerprint: vouchee))
+        #expect(reloaded.validVouchers(for: vouchee).count == 1)
+    }
+
+    // MARK: - Helpers
+
+    private func waitUntil(
+        timeout: TimeInterval = 1.0,
+        condition: @escaping () -> Bool
+    ) async -> Bool {
+        let deadline = Date().addingTimeInterval(timeout)
+        while Date() < deadline {
+            if condition() {
+                return true
+            }
+            try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 10_000_000)
+        }
+        return condition()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/bitchatTests/Services/UnifiedPeerServiceTests.swift b/bitchatTests/Services/UnifiedPeerServiceTests.swift
index f5a5fd6c..172bf5b1 100644
--- a/bitchatTests/Services/UnifiedPeerServiceTests.swift
+++ b/bitchatTests/Services/UnifiedPeerServiceTests.swift
@@ -292,4 +292,37 @@ private final class TestIdentityManager: SecureIdentityStateManagerProtocol {
     func getVerifiedFingerprints() -> Set<String> {
         verified
     }
+
+    // MARK: Vouching (unused by these tests)
+
+    @discardableResult
+    func recordVouch(voucheeFingerprint: String, voucherFingerprint: String, timestamp: Date) -> Bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    func validVouchers(for fingerprint: String) -> [VouchRecord] {
+        []
+    }
+
+    func isVouched(fingerprint: String) -> Bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    func effectiveTrustLevel(for fingerprint: String) -> TrustLevel {
+        verified.contains(fingerprint) ? .verified : .unknown
+    }
+
+    func lastVouchBatchSent(to fingerprint: String) -> Date? {
+        nil
+    }
+
+    func markVouchBatchSent(to fingerprint: String, at date: Date) {}
+
+    func signingPublicKey(forFingerprint fingerprint: String) -> Data? {
+        nil
+    }
+
+    func mostRecentlyVerifiedFingerprints(limit: Int, excluding fingerprint: String) -> [String] {
+        []
+    }
 }