Fix BLE stream crashes and gossip sync races (#663)

* Handle long BLE packets safely

* Keep BLE stream aligned after partial drops

---------

Co-authored-by: jack <jackjackbits@users.noreply.github.com>

bitchat/Services/BLEService.swift

@@ -7,6 +7,78 @@ import CryptoKit
 import UIKit
 #endif
 
+struct NotificationStreamAssembler {
+    private var buffer = Data()
+
+    mutating func append(_ chunk: Data) -> (frames: [Data], droppedPrefixes: [UInt8], reset: Bool) {
+        guard !chunk.isEmpty else { return ([], [], false) }
+
+        buffer.append(chunk)
+
+        var frames: [Data] = []
+        var dropped: [UInt8] = []
+        var reset = false
+        let maxFrameLength = TransportConfig.blePendingWriteBufferCapBytes
+
+        let minHeaderBytes = 14 // version + type + ttl + timestamp(8) + flags + length(2)
+        let minFramePrefix = minHeaderBytes + BinaryProtocol.senderIDSize
+
+        while buffer.count >= minFramePrefix {
+            guard let first = buffer.first else { break }
+            if first != 1 {
+                dropped.append(buffer.removeFirst())
+                continue
+            }
+
+            guard buffer.count >= minHeaderBytes else { break }
+
+            let headerBytes = Array(buffer.prefix(minFramePrefix))
+            guard headerBytes.count == minFramePrefix else { break }
+
+            let flags = headerBytes[11]
+            let hasRecipient = (flags & BinaryProtocol.Flags.hasRecipient) != 0
+            let hasSignature = (flags & BinaryProtocol.Flags.hasSignature) != 0
+            let payloadLen = (Int(headerBytes[12]) << 8) | Int(headerBytes[13])
+
+            var frameLength = minFramePrefix + payloadLen
+            if hasRecipient { frameLength += BinaryProtocol.recipientIDSize }
+            if hasSignature { frameLength += BinaryProtocol.signatureSize }
+
+            guard frameLength > 0, frameLength <= maxFrameLength else {
+                buffer.removeAll()
+                reset = true
+                break
+            }
+
+            if buffer.count < frameLength {
+                // Check if a new frame start exists within the incomplete buffer; if so, drop leading partial bytes.
+                if let nextStart = buffer.dropFirst().firstIndex(of: 1) {
+                    let dropCount = buffer.distance(from: buffer.startIndex, to: nextStart)
+                    if dropCount > 0 {
+                        buffer.removeFirst(dropCount)
+                        dropped.append(1) // treat as dropped partial start
+                    }
+                }
+                break
+            }
+
+            let frame = Data(buffer.prefix(frameLength))
+            frames.append(frame)
+            buffer.removeFirst(frameLength)
+        }
+
+        if !buffer.isEmpty, buffer.allSatisfy({ $0 == 0 }) {
+            buffer.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
+        }
+
+        return (frames, dropped, reset)
+    }
+
+    mutating func reset() {
+        buffer.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
+    }
+}
+
 /// BLEService — Bluetooth Mesh Transport
 /// - Emits events exclusively via `BitchatDelegate` for UI.
 /// - ChatViewModel must consume delegate callbacks (`didReceivePublicMessage`, `didReceiveNoisePayload`).
@@ -40,6 +112,7 @@ final class BLEService: NSObject {
         var isConnecting: Bool = false
         var isConnected: Bool = false
         var lastConnectionAttempt: Date? = nil
+        var assembler = NotificationStreamAssembler()
     }
     private var peripherals: [String: PeripheralState] = [:]  // UUID -> PeripheralState
     private var peerToPeripheralUUID: [String: String] = [:]  // PeerID -> Peripheral UUID
@@ -2515,7 +2588,8 @@ extension BLEService: CBCentralManagerDelegate {
             peerID: nil,
             isConnecting: true,
             isConnected: false,
-            lastConnectionAttempt: Date()
+            lastConnectionAttempt: Date(),
+            assembler: NotificationStreamAssembler()
         )
         peripheral.delegate = self
         
@@ -2564,7 +2638,9 @@ func centralManager(_ central: CBCentralManager, didConnect peripheral: CBPeriph
                 characteristic: nil,
                 peerID: nil,
                 isConnecting: false,
-                isConnected: true
+                isConnected: true,
+                lastConnectionAttempt: nil,
+                assembler: NotificationStreamAssembler()
             )
         }
         
@@ -2702,7 +2778,8 @@ extension BLEService {
             peerID: nil,
             isConnecting: true,
             isConnected: false,
-            lastConnectionAttempt: Date()
+            lastConnectionAttempt: Date(),
+            assembler: NotificationStreamAssembler()
         )
         peripheral.delegate = self
         let options: [String: Any] = [
@@ -2839,53 +2916,72 @@ extension BLEService: CBPeripheralDelegate {
             return
         }
         
-        guard let data = characteristic.value else {
+        guard let data = characteristic.value, !data.isEmpty else {
             SecureLogger.warning("⚠️ No data in notification", category: .session)
             return
         }
-        
+
-        // Received BLE notification
+        bufferNotificationChunk(data, from: peripheral)
-        
-        // Process directly on main thread to avoid deadlocks (matches original implementation)
-        guard let packet = BinaryProtocol.decode(data) else {
-            // Avoid dumping entire payload; log size and short prefix for diagnostics
-            let prefix = data.prefix(16).map { String(format: "%02x", $0) }.joined(separator: " ")
-            SecureLogger.error("❌ Failed to decode notification packet (len=\(data.count), prefix=\(prefix))", category: .session)
-            return
-        }
-        
-        // Use the packet's senderID as the peer identifier
-        let senderID = packet.senderID.hexEncodedString()
-        // Only log non-announce packets
-    if packet.type != MessageType.announce.rawValue {
-        SecureLogger.debug("📦 Decoded notification packet type: \(packet.type) from sender: \(senderID)", category: .session)
     }
-        
+
+    private func bufferNotificationChunk(_ chunk: Data, from peripheral: CBPeripheral) {
         let peripheralUUID = peripheral.identifier.uuidString
-        
+
-        // Update mapping ONLY for announce packets that come directly from the peer (not relayed)
+        var state = peripherals[peripheralUUID] ?? PeripheralState(
+            peripheral: peripheral,
+            characteristic: nil,
+            peerID: nil,
+            isConnecting: false,
+            isConnected: peripheral.state == .connected,
+            lastConnectionAttempt: nil,
+            assembler: NotificationStreamAssembler()
+        )
+
+        var assembler = state.assembler
+        let result = assembler.append(chunk)
+        state.assembler = assembler
+        peripherals[peripheralUUID] = state
+
+        for byte in result.droppedPrefixes {
+            SecureLogger.warning("⚠️ Dropping byte from BLE stream (unexpected prefix \(String(format: "%02x", byte)))", category: .session)
+        }
+
+        if result.reset {
+            SecureLogger.error("❌ Invalid BLE frame length; reset notification stream", category: .session)
+        }
+
+        for frame in result.frames {
+            guard let packet = BinaryProtocol.decode(frame) else {
+                let prefix = frame.prefix(16).map { String(format: "%02x", $0) }.joined(separator: " ")
+                SecureLogger.error("❌ Failed to decode assembled notification frame (len=\(frame.count), prefix=\(prefix))", category: .session)
+                continue
+            }
+            processNotificationPacket(packet, from: peripheral, peripheralUUID: peripheralUUID)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func processNotificationPacket(_ packet: BitchatPacket, from peripheral: CBPeripheral, peripheralUUID: String) {
+        let senderID = packet.senderID.hexEncodedString()
+
+        if packet.type != MessageType.announce.rawValue {
+            SecureLogger.debug("📦 Decoded notification packet type: \(packet.type) from sender: \(senderID)", category: .session)
+        }
+
         if packet.type == MessageType.announce.rawValue {
-            // Only update mapping if this is a direct announce (TTL == messageTTL means not relayed)
             if packet.ttl == messageTTL {
                 if var state = peripherals[peripheralUUID] {
                     state.peerID = senderID
                     peripherals[peripheralUUID] = state
                 }
                 peerToPeripheralUUID[senderID] = peripheralUUID
-                // Mapping update - direct announce from peer
             }
-            // Record ingress link for last-hop suppression and process
+
             let msgID = makeMessageID(for: packet)
             collectionsQueue.async(flags: .barrier) { [weak self] in
                 self?.ingressByMessageID[msgID] = (.peripheral(peripheralUUID), Date())
             }
-            // Process the announce packet regardless of whether we updated the mapping
             handleReceivedPacket(packet, from: senderID)
         } else {
-            // For non-announce packets, DO NOT update mappings
-            // These could be relayed packets from other peers
-            // Always use the packet's original senderID
-            // Record ingress link for last-hop suppression and process
             let msgID = makeMessageID(for: packet)
             collectionsQueue.async(flags: .barrier) { [weak self] in
                 self?.ingressByMessageID[msgID] = (.peripheral(peripheralUUID), Date())

bitchat/Sync/GCSFilter.swift

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import CryptoKit
 // Golomb-Coded Set (GCS) filter utilities for sync.
 // Hashing:
 //  - Packet ID is 16 bytes (see PacketIdUtil). For GCS mapping, use h64 = first 8 bytes of SHA-256 over the 16-byte ID.
-//  - Map to [0, M) via (h64 % M).
+//  - Map to [1, M) by computing (h64 % M) and remapping 0 -> 1 to avoid zero-length deltas.
 // Encoding (v1):
 //  - Sort mapped values ascending; encode deltas (first is v0, then vi - v{i-1}) as positive integers x >= 1.
 //  - Golomb-Rice with parameter P: q = (x - 1) >> P encoded as unary (q ones then a zero), then write P-bit remainder r = (x - 1) & ((1<<P)-1).
@@ -29,25 +29,40 @@ enum GCSFilter {
 
     static func buildFilter(ids: [Data], maxBytes: Int, targetFpr: Double) -> Params {
         let p = deriveP(targetFpr: targetFpr)
+        guard !ids.isEmpty else {
+            return Params(p: p, m: 1, data: Data())
+        }
+
         let cap = estimateMaxElements(sizeBytes: maxBytes, p: p)
-        let n = min(ids.count, cap)
+        let selected = Array(ids.prefix(cap))
-        let selected = Array(ids.prefix(n))
+        let range = max(1, hashRange(count: selected.count, p: p))
-        // Map to [0, M)
+        let modulo = UInt64(range)
-        let mInit = UInt32(n << p)
+
-        var mapped = selected.map { id16 -> UInt64 in
+        var mapped = selected
-            let h = h64(id16)
+            .map { h64($0) }
-            return UInt64(h % UInt64(max(1, mInit)))
+            .map { mapHash($0, modulo: modulo) }
-        }.sorted()
+            .sorted()
+        mapped = normalizeMappedValues(mapped, modulo: modulo)
+
+        if mapped.isEmpty {
+            return Params(p: p, m: range, data: Data())
+        }
+
         var encoded = encode(sorted: mapped, p: p)
-        var trimmedN = n
+        var trimmedCount = mapped.count
-        // Trim if over budget
+
-        while encoded.count > maxBytes && trimmedN > 0 {
+        while encoded.count > maxBytes && trimmedCount > 0 {
-            trimmedN = (trimmedN * 9) / 10 // drop ~10%
+            if trimmedCount == 1 {
-            mapped = Array(mapped.prefix(trimmedN))
+                mapped.removeAll()
+                encoded = Data()
+                break
+            }
+            trimmedCount = max(1, (trimmedCount * 9) / 10)
+            mapped = Array(mapped.prefix(trimmedCount))
             encoded = encode(sorted: mapped, p: p)
         }
-        let finalM = UInt32(max(1, trimmedN << p))
+
-        return Params(p: p, m: finalM, data: encoded)
+        return Params(p: p, m: range, data: encoded)
     }
 
     static func decodeToSortedSet(p: Int, m: UInt32, data: Data) -> [UInt64] {
@@ -77,6 +92,12 @@ enum GCSFilter {
         return false
     }
 
+    static func bucket(for id: Data, modulus m: UInt32) -> UInt64 {
+        let modulo = UInt64(max(1, m))
+        guard modulo > 1 else { return 0 }
+        return mapHash(h64(id), modulo: modulo)
+    }
+
     private static func h64(_ id16: Data) -> UInt64 {
         var hasher = SHA256()
         hasher.update(data: id16)
@@ -88,6 +109,39 @@ enum GCSFilter {
         return x & 0x7fff_ffff_ffff_ffff
     }
 
+    private static func hashRange(count: Int, p: Int) -> UInt32 {
+        guard count > 0 else { return 1 }
+        if p >= 64 { return UInt32.max }
+        let multiplier = UInt64(1) << UInt64(p)
+        let (product, overflow) = UInt64(count).multipliedReportingOverflow(by: multiplier)
+        if overflow { return UInt32.max }
+        if product == 0 { return 1 }
+        return product > UInt64(UInt32.max) ? UInt32.max : UInt32(product)
+    }
+
+    private static func mapHash(_ hash: UInt64, modulo: UInt64) -> UInt64 {
+        guard modulo > 1 else { return 0 }
+        let value = hash % modulo
+        if value == 0 { return 1 }
+        return value
+    }
+
+    private static func normalizeMappedValues(_ values: [UInt64], modulo: UInt64) -> [UInt64] {
+        guard modulo > 1 else { return [] }
+        guard !values.isEmpty else { return [] }
+        var result: [UInt64] = []
+        result.reserveCapacity(values.count)
+        var last: UInt64 = 0
+        for value in values {
+            let normalized = min(value, modulo - 1)
+            if normalized > last {
+                result.append(normalized)
+                last = normalized
+            }
+        }
+        return result
+    }
+
     private static func encode(sorted: [UInt64], p: Int) -> Data {
         let writer = BitWriter()
         var prev: UInt64 = 0

bitchat/Sync/GossipSyncManager.swift

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import Foundation
-import CryptoKit
 
 // Gossip-based sync manager using on-demand GCS filters
 final class GossipSyncManager {
@@ -53,6 +52,12 @@ final class GossipSyncManager {
     }
 
     func onPublicPacketSeen(_ packet: BitchatPacket) {
+        queue.async { [weak self] in
+            self?._onPublicPacketSeen(packet)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func _onPublicPacketSeen(_ packet: BitchatPacket) {
         let mt = MessageType(rawValue: packet.type)
         let isBroadcastRecipient: Bool = {
             guard let r = packet.recipientID else { return true }
@@ -119,18 +124,17 @@ final class GossipSyncManager {
     }
 
     func handleRequestSync(fromPeerID: String, request: RequestSyncPacket) {
+        queue.async { [weak self] in
+            self?._handleRequestSync(fromPeerID: fromPeerID, request: request)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func _handleRequestSync(fromPeerID: String, request: RequestSyncPacket) {
         // Decode GCS into sorted set and prepare membership checker
         let sorted = GCSFilter.decodeToSortedSet(p: request.p, m: request.m, data: request.data)
         func mightContain(_ id: Data) -> Bool {
-            var hasher = SHA256()
+            let bucket = GCSFilter.bucket(for: id, modulus: request.m)
-            hasher.update(data: id) // 16-byte PacketId
+            return GCSFilter.contains(sortedValues: sorted, candidate: bucket)
-            let digest = hasher.finalize()
-            let db = Data(digest)
-            var x: UInt64 = 0
-            let take = min(8, db.count)
-            for i in 0..<take { x = (x << 8) | UInt64(db[i]) }
-            let v = (x & 0x7fff_ffff_ffff_ffff) % UInt64(request.m)
-            return GCSFilter.contains(sortedValues: sorted, candidate: v)
         }
 
         // 1) Announcements: send latest per peer if requester lacks them
@@ -182,9 +186,15 @@ final class GossipSyncManager {
 
     // Explicit removal hook for LEAVE/stale peer
     func removeAnnouncementForPeer(_ peerID: String) {
+        queue.async { [weak self] in
+            self?._removeAnnouncementForPeer(peerID)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func _removeAnnouncementForPeer(_ peerID: String) {
         let normalizedPeerID = peerID.lowercased()
         _ = latestAnnouncementByPeer.removeValue(forKey: normalizedPeerID)
-        
+
         // Remove messages from this peer
         // Collect IDs to remove first to avoid concurrent modification
         let messageIdsToRemove = messages.compactMap { (id, message) -> String? in

bitchat/Utils/InputValidator.swift

@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ struct InputValidator {
     
     struct Limits {
         static let maxNicknameLength = 50
-        static let maxMessageLength = 10_000
+        // BinaryProtocol caps payload length at UInt16.max (65_535). Leave headroom
+        // for headers/padding by limiting user content to 60_000 bytes.
+        static let maxMessageLength = 60_000
         static let maxReasonLength = 200
         static let maxPeerIDLength = 64
         static let hexPeerIDLength = 16 // 8 bytes = 16 hex chars

bitchatTests/GCSFilterTests.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import XCTest
+@testable import bitchat
+
+final class GCSFilterTests: XCTestCase {
+    func testBuildFilterWithDuplicateIdsProducesStableEncoding() {
+        let id = Data(repeating: 0xAB, count: 16)
+        let ids = Array(repeating: id, count: 64)
+
+        let params = GCSFilter.buildFilter(ids: ids, maxBytes: 128, targetFpr: 0.01)
+        XCTAssertGreaterThanOrEqual(params.m, 1)
+
+        let decoded = GCSFilter.decodeToSortedSet(p: params.p, m: params.m, data: params.data)
+        XCTAssertLessThanOrEqual(decoded.count, 1)
+    }
+
+    func testBucketAvoidsZeroCandidate() {
+        let id = Data(repeating: 0x01, count: 16)
+        let bucket = GCSFilter.bucket(for: id, modulus: 2)
+        XCTAssertNotEqual(bucket, 0)
+        XCTAssertLessThan(bucket, 2)
+    }
+}

bitchatTests/GossipSyncManagerTests.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import Foundation
+import XCTest
+@testable import bitchat
+
+final class GossipSyncManagerTests: XCTestCase {
+    func testConcurrentPacketIntakeAndSyncRequest() {
+        let manager = GossipSyncManager(myPeerID: "0102030405060708")
+        let delegate = RecordingDelegate()
+        let sendExpectation = expectation(description: "sync request sent")
+        delegate.onSend = { sendExpectation.fulfill() }
+        manager.delegate = delegate
+
+        let iterations = 200
+        let group = DispatchGroup()
+
+        for i in 0..<iterations {
+            group.enter()
+            DispatchQueue.global(qos: .userInitiated).async {
+                let packet = BitchatPacket(
+                    type: MessageType.message.rawValue,
+                    senderID: Data(hexString: "1122334455667788") ?? Data(),
+                    recipientID: nil,
+                    timestamp: 1_000_000 + UInt64(i),
+                    payload: Data([UInt8(truncatingIfNeeded: i)]),
+                    signature: nil,
+                    ttl: 1
+                )
+                manager.onPublicPacketSeen(packet)
+                Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.001)
+                group.leave()
+            }
+        }
+
+        DispatchQueue.global(qos: .userInitiated).asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + 0.002) {
+            manager.scheduleInitialSyncToPeer("FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", delaySeconds: 0.0)
+        }
+
+        group.wait()
+        wait(for: [sendExpectation], timeout: 2.0)
+
+        guard let lastPacket = delegate.lastPacket else {
+            XCTFail("Expected sync packet to be sent")
+            return
+        }
+
+        XCTAssertEqual(lastPacket.type, MessageType.requestSync.rawValue)
+        XCTAssertNotNil(RequestSyncPacket.decode(from: lastPacket.payload))
+    }
+}
+
+private final class RecordingDelegate: GossipSyncManager.Delegate {
+    var onSend: (() -> Void)?
+    private(set) var lastPacket: BitchatPacket?
+    private let lock = NSLock()
+
+    func sendPacket(_ packet: BitchatPacket) {
+        lock.lock()
+        lastPacket = packet
+        lock.unlock()
+        onSend?()
+    }
+
+    func sendPacket(to peerID: String, packet: BitchatPacket) {
+        sendPacket(packet)
+    }
+
+    func signPacketForBroadcast(_ packet: BitchatPacket) -> BitchatPacket {
+        packet
+    }
+}

bitchatTests/NotificationStreamAssemblerTests.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+import XCTest
+@testable import bitchat
+
+final class NotificationStreamAssemblerTests: XCTestCase {
+    private func makePacket(timestamp: UInt64 = 0x0102030405) -> BitchatPacket {
+        let sender = Data([0x00, 0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55, 0x66, 0x77])
+        return BitchatPacket(
+            type: MessageType.message.rawValue,
+            senderID: sender,
+            recipientID: nil,
+            timestamp: timestamp,
+            payload: Data([0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF]),
+            signature: nil,
+            ttl: 3
+        )
+    }
+
+    func testAssemblesSingleFrameAcrossChunks() {
+        var assembler = NotificationStreamAssembler()
+        let packet = makePacket()
+        guard let frame = packet.toBinaryData(padding: false) else {
+            return XCTFail("Failed to encode packet")
+        }
+        XCTAssertNotNil(BinaryProtocol.decode(frame))
+        let payloadLen = (Int(frame[12]) << 8) | Int(frame[13])
+        XCTAssertEqual(payloadLen, packet.payload.count)
+
+        let splitIndex = min(20, max(1, frame.count / 2))
+        let first = frame.prefix(splitIndex)
+        let second = frame.suffix(from: splitIndex)
+        XCTAssertEqual(first.count + second.count, frame.count)
+
+        var result = assembler.append(first)
+        XCTAssertTrue(result.frames.isEmpty)
+        XCTAssertTrue(result.droppedPrefixes.isEmpty)
+        XCTAssertFalse(result.reset)
+
+        result = assembler.append(second)
+        XCTAssertEqual(result.frames.count, 1)
+        XCTAssertTrue(result.droppedPrefixes.isEmpty)
+        XCTAssertFalse(result.reset)
+
+        guard let frameData = result.frames.first else {
+            return XCTFail("Missing frame data")
+        }
+        if frameData.count != frame.count {
+            XCTFail("Frame size mismatch: expected \(frame.count) got \(frameData.count)\nframe=\(Array(frame))\nassembled=\(Array(frameData))")
+            return
+        }
+        guard let decoded = BinaryProtocol.decode(frameData) else {
+            return XCTFail("Failed to decode frame")
+        }
+        XCTAssertEqual(decoded.type, packet.type)
+        XCTAssertEqual(decoded.payload, packet.payload)
+        XCTAssertEqual(decoded.senderID, packet.senderID)
+        XCTAssertEqual(decoded.timestamp, packet.timestamp)
+
+        var directAssembler = NotificationStreamAssembler()
+        let directResult = directAssembler.append(frame)
+        XCTAssertEqual(directResult.frames.first?.count, frame.count)
+    }
+
+    func testAssemblesMultipleFramesSequentially() {
+        var assembler = NotificationStreamAssembler()
+        let packet1 = makePacket(timestamp: 0xABC)
+        let packet2 = makePacket(timestamp: 0xDEF)
+
+        guard let frame1 = packet1.toBinaryData(padding: false),
+              let frame2 = packet2.toBinaryData(padding: false) else {
+            return XCTFail("Failed to encode packets")
+        }
+
+        var combined = Data()
+        combined.append(frame1)
+        combined.append(frame2)
+        let firstChunk = combined.prefix(20)
+        let secondChunk = combined.suffix(from: 20)
+
+        var result = assembler.append(firstChunk)
+        XCTAssertTrue(result.frames.isEmpty)
+
+        result = assembler.append(secondChunk)
+        XCTAssertEqual(result.frames.count, 2)
+        guard let decoded1 = BinaryProtocol.decode(result.frames[0]),
+              let decoded2 = BinaryProtocol.decode(result.frames[1]) else {
+            return XCTFail("Failed to decode frames")
+        }
+        XCTAssertEqual(decoded1.timestamp, packet1.timestamp)
+        XCTAssertEqual(decoded2.timestamp, packet2.timestamp)
+    }
+
+    func testDropsInvalidPrefixByte() {
+        var assembler = NotificationStreamAssembler()
+        let packet = makePacket(timestamp: 0xF00)
+        guard let frame = packet.toBinaryData(padding: false) else {
+            return XCTFail("Failed to encode packet")
+        }
+        var noisyFrame = Data([0x00])
+        noisyFrame.append(frame)
+
+        let result = assembler.append(noisyFrame)
+        XCTAssertEqual(result.droppedPrefixes, [0x00])
+        XCTAssertEqual(result.frames.count, 1)
+        XCTAssertFalse(result.reset)
+
+        guard let decoded = BinaryProtocol.decode(result.frames[0]) else {
+            return XCTFail("Failed to decode frame after drop")
+        }
+        XCTAssertEqual(decoded.timestamp, packet.timestamp)
+    }
+}